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Английский язык для студентов строительных специальностей
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UNIT 7. STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS [ 165
roof, or the ceiling and floor joists of the storey above. There are three historically common methods of framing a house.
—Post and beam framing is now used in barn construction.
—Balloon framing using a technique suspending floors from the walls was common until the late 1940s, but since that time platform framing has become the predominant form of house construction.
— Platform framing often forms wall sections horizontally on the
sub-floor prior to erection, easing positioning of studs and
increasing accuracy while cutting the necessary manpower. The top
and bottom plates are end-nailed to each stud with two nails. Studs
are at least doubled at openings, the jack stud being cut to receive
the lintels (headers) that are placed and end-nailed through the
outer studs.
Wall sheathing, usually a plywood or other laminate, is usually applied to the framing prior to erection, thus eliminating the need to scaffold. A multiple-stud post made up of at least three studs is generally used at exterior corners and intersections to secure a good tie between adjoining walls and to provide nailing support for the interior finish and exterior sheathing. Corners and intersections, however, must be framed with at least two studs. Nailing support
for the edges of the ceiling is required at the junction of the wall and ceiling where partitions run parallel to the ceiling joists.
| A two-story wooden-frame house under construction — the location of the upper floor platform is readily discerned by the wide joists between the floors, and the upper structure rests on this platform. |
Wall framing in house construction includes the vertical and horizontal members of exterior walls and interior partitions. Studs, wall plates and lintels serve as a nailing base for all covering material and support the upper floors, ceiling and roof.
Exterior wall studs are the vertical members to which the wall sheathing and cladding are attached. They are supported on a bottom plate or foundation sill and in turn support the top plate. Interior partitions supporting floor, ceiling or roof loads are called loadbearing walls; others are called non-loadbearing or simply partitions. Interior loadbearing walls are framed in the same way as exterior walls.
Lintels (headers) are the horizontal members placed over window, door and other openings to carry loads to the adjoining studs. Lintels are usually constructed of two pieces of lumber separated with spacers to the width of the studs and nailed together to form a single unit. The preferable spacer material is rigid insulation.
The complete wall sections are then raised and put in place, temporary braces added and the bottom plates nailed through the subfloor to the floor framing members. Once the assembled sections are plumbed, they are nailed together at the corners and intersections. A strip of polyethylene is often placed between the interior walls and the exterior wall, and above the first top plate of interior walls before the second top plate is applied to attain continuity of the air barrier when polyethylene is serving this function. A second top plate usually laps the first plate at the corners and partition intersections and, when nailed in place, provides an additional tie to the framed walls.
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'--- il SECTION 4
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—II LISTENING AND SPEAKING
23. Listen to the Text "A Horizontal Support".
A) Answer the questions that follow.
1. What is a beam?
2. What materials can beams be made of?
3. What forces are beams usually subjected to?
Английский язык для студентов строительных специальностей
UNIT 8
4. 
What conditions are reinforced beams used under?
5. What elements can beams rest on?
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