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I Английский язык для студентов строительных специальностей
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that support or resist loads. 5. The upper limit of concrete strength is set by that of the stone used in the aggregate. 6. The traditional method uses joists similar to those of floor construction to span between exterior walls. 7. Complex building regulations were imposed by city authorities to ensure that buildings were structurally sound and stable, that they had enough light and air around them, and that they looked right. 8. Now that lack of housing is a social problem, especially with the high rise in house prices. 9. The foundations of those buildings support considerably heavier loads than those of residential buildings. 10. The people constructed those houses from whatever material was available where they lived. 11. Structural engineering design utilises a relatively small number of basic structural elements to build up structural systems that can be very complex. 12. Building design professionals include those licensed by the state — such as architects and structural, mechanical, and electrical engineers — who must formally certify that the building they design will conform to all governmental codes and regulations.
Read and memorize the prepositions of two or more words. Translate the given sentences.
| 1. according to согласно чему-л. 2. apart from не считая, кроме, не говоря уже о 3. as to относительно, что касается 4. as well as так же как 5. because of благодаря, из-за 6. by meansof посредством 1. due to благодаря, вследствие 8. in addition to в дополнение к, кроме 9. in front of перед, напротив 10. in order to (для того)чтобы |
According to the timetable, the train leaves at 8.15 a.m.
Father was the only one who knew you
thoroughly, apart from me.
Mr. Pike inquired as to the exchange price.
This article is interesting as well as useful.
I couldn't get to work because of my illness.
Thoughts are expressed by means of 'words.
Our success was due to luck.
/// addition to giving a general introduction to
computers, the course also provides practical
experience.
| 11. in spite of несмотря на |
I will wait for you in front of the. shop. He stood on the chair in order to reach the top sheif.
In spite of the threat of war, he says he remains confident that peace is possible.
UNIT 8. STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING I 177
| 12. instead of вместо | Не accepted the realities instead of resisting |
| them. | |
| 13. in view of ввиду, принимая | In view o/his youth, the police have decided |
| во внимание | not to press charges. |
| 14. on account of из-за, по при- | He couldn't read the speech himself, on |
| чине, вследствие | account of a sore throat. |
| 15. owing to из-за, благодаря | Flights were delayed owing to the strike. |
| 16. with (in) regard to что ка- | With regard to your recent application, I am |
| сается, относительно | afraid we are unable to offer you the job. |
| 17. thanks to благодаря, из-за, | Thanks to the new network, clerks will be |
| вследствие | able to deal with all the payments at one |
| time. |
Read and translate the following sentences paying attention to the prepositions of two or more words.
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1. This document forms an agreement between the client and the design team as to the expected building size and performance. 2. Computer-aided architectural design (CAAD) refers to the use of any computational technique in the field of architectural design other than by means of architecture-specific software. 3. There was a tax on bricks in England. From 1784 to 1850 you were taxed according to the number of bricks you used in a building. 4. In Egypt, in spite of the heavy loads that stone structures created, foundations were of a surprisingly improvised character, made of small blocks of poor quality stone. 5. Bricks were very popular as a building material from 1700 to 1900s. This was probably due to the fact that it was much more flame retardant than wood in the ever crowding cities, and cheap to produce. 6. Apart from naturally occurring materials, many man-made products are in use, some more and some less synthetic. 7. The complexity of modern structures often requires a great deal of creativity from the engineer in order to ensure the structures support and resist the loads they are subjected to. 8. The design of a building begins with its future user or owner, who has in mind a perceived need for the structure, as well as a specific site and a general idea of its projected cost. 9. In addition to general knowledge of building science, the design
178 Английский языкдля студентов строительных специальностей
UNIT 8. STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING I 179
team collects specific data related to the proposed building site. 10. Made from clays, and easier to use than stone because of their size and standardization, bricks made possible the construction of the arches, vaults, and domes that were popular in Europe from the Roman era on.
Supply the missing prepositions of two or more words from exercise 10. One or more answers may be correct.
1. In the 15th century brick remained quite expensive the cost of the fuel needed to fire it, and it was used mainly where there was no readily available stone. 2. The company has had a successful year, the improvement in export sales. 3. These mappings are abstractions that are introduced discuss the process of design and deployment of CAAD systems. 4. There is a separate garden each house. 5. Now, the financial cut-backs, the plants have been closed. 6. The first program was installed in the 1960's to help architects save time drawing their blueprints. 7. the fact that all the other members of the group are going, I think you should go too. 8. He couldn't go to work in Africa his poor health. 9. construction equipment, foreign orders saw a net decrease by 19 per cent. 10. Architects direct the work of engineers, many other consultants in such specialized areas as lighting, acoustics, and vertical transportation.
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SECTION 3 READING AND SPEAKING
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What do you know about structural engineering? Read the statements given below and say if they are true or false. If the statements are not true, make the necessary corrections.
a) Structural engineering can only be studied on its own right.
b) Structural engineers are involved in the design of structures.
c) Structural engineering design uses a large number of basic structural elements.
d) Pyramids are regarded as the most common major structures because their forms are stable and scaled.
e) The theory of structures existed and was widely used throughout ancient and medieval history.
f) The profession of a structural engineer took shape in the
Renaissance.
g) The architect and the structural engineer were different
professions before the industrial revolution.
h) A structural engineer is considered to be fully qualified after completing a three-year course of study at college or university.
14. Read Text 8A "Engineering for Buildings" and say if you are right or wrong. Discuss your answers with your groupmates.
• TEXT 8A
Engineering for Buildings
Structural engineering is a field of engineering dealing with the analysis and design of structures that support or resist loads. Structural engineering is usually considered a specialty within civil engineering, but it can also be studied in its own right.
Structural engineers are most commonly involved in the design of buildings and large nonbuilding structures but they can also be involved in the design of machinery, medical equipment, vehicles or any item where structural integrity affects function or safety of the item. Structural engineers must ensure their designs satisfy given design criteria, predicated on safety (e.g. structures must not collapse without due warning) or serviceability and performance (e.g. building sway must not cause discomfort to the occupants).
Structural engineering theory is based upon physical laws and empirical knowledge of the structural performance of different landscapes and materials. Structural engineering design utilises a relatively small number of basic structural elements to build up
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