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Абсолютная причастная конструкция
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| Subject + Participle Подлежащее + причастие | Subject + Predicate Подлежащее + сказуемое |
| Crimes prepared and tried before the sheriff and district courts, procurators fiscal prosecute them. До того как преступления рассматриваются в шерифских и районных судах, они (дела по преступлениям) подготавливаются и ведутся судебным исполнителем. | |
| Subject + Predicate Подлежащее + сказуемое | Subject + Participle Подлежащее + причастие |
| The Service is divided into 31 areas, with a locally based Chief Crown Prosecutor heading each. Служба разделена на 31 округ, причём каждый возглавляется местным главным королевским обвинителем. |
Задание 29. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на абсолютную причастную конструкцию:
1. The weather being fine, we went for a walk.
2. The work done, they went home.
3. We investigated the case, with the data being collected.
4. The play being boring, the audience left the house.
5. The scene being horrifying, we left the place at once.
6. The day being fine, we decided to go swimming.
7. Elections in Russia being universal, all citizens at the age of the 18 have the right to elect.
Задание 30. Переведите предложения с абсолютной причастной конструкцией:
1. Big monopolies in the state having real power in the country, the rulers take all measures against any representative of the people attempting to find his way into Congress.
2. The Senate consists of 2 members from each state, chosen for 6 years, one third being reelected every 2 years.
3. The Supreme Court of the USA consists of 9 justices, one justice being appointed as the Chief Justice.
4. The district courts being the primary link of the judiciary, most of the criminal and civil cases are tried by these courts.
5. The exercise being difficult for the students, the teacher explained them how to do it.
6. The student knowing English well, the examination didn’t last long.
7. The Constitution proclaiming the peaceful nature of the state, there is a special chapter in it formulating the principles of the foreign policy.
Passive voice
Страдательный залог
| Simple | Progressive | Perfect | |
| Present | am, is, are + Ved, Vз English is spoken in many countries. Во многих странах говорят на английском языке. English is not spoken in many countries. Во многих странах не говорят на английском. Is English spoken in many countries? На английском говорят во многих странах? | am, is, are + being + Ved, Vз These problems are being discussed in the press now. Эти проблемы обсуждается сейчас в прессе. These problems are not being discussed in the press now. Эти проблемы не обсуждается сейчас в прессе. Are these problems being discussed in the press now? Эти проблемы обсуждаются сейчас в прессе? | have, has + been + Ved, Vз The witness has been interrogated already. Свидетеля уже допросили. The witness hasn’t been interrogated yet. Свидетеля ещё не допросили. Has the witness been asked already? Свидетеля уже допросили? |
| Past | was, were + Ved, Vз He was asked at the English lesson. Его спрашивали на уроке английского языка. He wasn’t asked at the English lesson. Его не спрашивали на уроке английского языка. Was he asked at the English lessons? Его спрашивали на уроке английского языка? | was, were + being + Ved, Vз The case was being heard for several hours. Слушание дела длилось несколько часов. The case wasn’t being heard for several hours. Дело не рассматривалось несколько часов. Was the case being heard for several hours? Дело рассматривалось в течении нескольких часов | had + been + Ved, Vз When all important issues had been debated the conference adopted a number of resolutions. Когда все важные вопросы были обсуждены, конференция приняла ряд резолюций. When all important issues hadn’t been debated the conference couldn’t adopt a resolution. Конференция не смогла принять резолюцию, пока все важные вопросы не были обсуждены. |
| Future | shall be, will be + Ved, Vз The exhibition will be opened next Sunday. Выставка откроется в следующее воскресенье. The exhibition won’t be opened next Sunday. Выставка не будет открыта в следующее воскресенье. Will the exhibition be opened next Sunday? Выставка будет открыта в следующее воскресенье? | shall have, will have + been + Ved, Vз The plan of research will have been carried out by the end of the term. План исследовательской работы будет выполнен к концу семестра. The plan of research won’t have been carried out by the end of the term. План исследовательской работы не будет выполнен к концу семестра. Will the plan of research have been carried out by the end of the term. План исследовательской работы будет выполнен к концу семестра? |
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Задание 31. Выберите правильную форму глагола в действительном или страдательном залоге.
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1. Russia (washes; is washed) by seas and oceans in the North and in the South.
2. The case (has investigated; has been investigated) successfully.
3. At our Institute the students (teach; are taught) English, German or French.
4. The University (founded; was founded) in 1755.
5. My friend (has finished; has been finished) the translation of his exercise.
6. I am sure the exams (will pass; will be passed) successfully.
7. This event (is reported; is being reported) about in all newspapers.
8. Our English lab (equips; is equipped) well. It’s interesting to work here.
9. (Did write; was written) his test without mistakes?
10. English (speaks; is spoken) at our English tutorials.
11. A very interesting competition (has organized, has been organized) by the chair of foreign languages.
12. Specialists of high qualification (train; are trained) at the Moscow Law Institute.
Задание 32. Измените форму глагола действительного залога на страдательный:
Например:
A Federal Court of Appeals serves each judicial circuit.
Each judicial circuit is served by a Federal Court of Appeals.
1. The executive, legislative and judicial branches of power compose the government of the USA.
2. Two members from each state elected for a term of six years compose a Senate.
3. So-called “Lobbyists” play an important role in the American legislation.
4. The district courts try most of the criminal and civil cases.
5. Electors from each state elect the President of the US for a term of 4 years.
6. The President recommends much of the legislation to the Congress.
7. The President appoints Federal Judges, ambassadors to other countries.
8. During the election campaign Reagan and his party spent much money in order to become the President of the USA.
Задание 33. Переделайте предложения используя страдательный залог:
Например: In December 1791, the Congress adopted ten amendments to the Constitution. Ten amendments to the Constitution were adopted by the Congress in December, 1791.
1. They said nothing about the elementary bourgeois-democratic freedoms in the Constitution 1787.
2. The Constitution of 1787 bases the form of the US government.
3. The judicial and law-enforcement practice sometimes violate the bill of rights.
4. They proposed the Constitution first in 1787.
5. Most historians regard the US Constitution as an essentially conservative document.
6. The privileged class made the Constitution for themselves.
7. The ruling class aimed their constitution at preserving their interests.
8. The lawyers do not separate in time the three phases of investigation.
9. The witnesses have identified the criminal as the perpetrator of the criminal acts.
10. Some circumstantial evidence and the eyewitness testimony discovered the identity of the criminal.
11. By the beginning of the trial the investigating officers have gathered sufficient evidence for court.
12. The investigation obtained some additional evidence which helped to locate and identify the perpetrator.
13. Police traced the fugitive who was hiding and apprehended him.
14. The court established the fact of the existence of the crime.
15. The witnesses were competent. They presented sufficient physical evidence which showed the connection of the criminal with the offence.
Sequence of Tenses
Согласование времён
| He said that Он сказал, что | the jurors conducted their deliberations in that room. присяжные совещаются в той комнате. |
| the jurors were conductingtheir deliberation then. присяжные совещаются в той комнате сейчас. | |
| the jurors had conducted their deliberation in that room. присяжные уже провели совещание в той комнате. | |
| the jurors would conduct their deliberations in that room. присяжные проведут совещание в той комнате. |
Задание 34. Переведите на русский язык
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1. My friend said that he had finished his scientific research the day before.
2. The teacher asked us when Byron was born. We said that Byron was born on January 22, 1788.
3. They said that they were going to take their exam in history the next week.
4. I was asked if I knew about our meeting. I answered that I should be there at 10 o’clock.
5. His sister told me that she would study medicine at the Institute.
6. The students said that the story for home reading was very interesting. They also said that they liked detective stories.
7. He said that he had served in the Far East two years before.
8. We were told that we could go in for different sports at our school.
9. They asked when the seminar in Administrative Law would take place.
10. My friend said that he was very busy that week with his report.
11. She said that she would speak to them if she saw them next day.
12. They asked me when I was leaving for Omsk.
13. They told us to take part in the sport competitions on Saturday.
14. We didn’t know if our friend was married.
15. The students said that they would study many new subjects the next year.
Infinitive
Инфинитив
| Active | Passive | |
| Simple | V 1. To detectthe criminal is very often not an easy task. Разыскивать преступника – очень нелёгкая задача. 2. The main duty of militia officers is to fight crime. Главная обязанность сотрудника милиции – бороться с преступностью. 3. At our College we are also taught to find evidence. В институте нас также учат находить улики. 4. He had no intention to commita criminal act. У него не было намерения совершать преступное деяние. 5. I entered the Law Institute to become a good lawyer. Я поступил в юридический институт, чтобы стать хорошим юристом. | to be + Ved, Vз To be elected is the right of every citizen. Быть избранным – право каждого человека. |
| Progressive | to be + Ving. He couldn’t be studying at such a late hour. Не может быть, чтобы он занимался в такой поздний час. | ___________________ |
| Perfect | to have + Ved, Vз. I’m sorry to have interrupted you. Извините, что я прервал вас | to have been + Ved, Vз He is happy to have beeninvited there. Он счастлив, что его пригласили туда. |
| Perfect Continuous | to have been + Ving. He is known to have been working on this problem for many years. Известно, что он работал над этой проблемой в течении многих лет. | _________________ |
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