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Criminological Research 271. Criminological (and Victimological) Research 363
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Criminological Research 271
Pamela Davies
Introduction 272
Context and Focus: Child Sexual Abuse 272
Analysis of Qualitative Data 273
Analysing documents 276
Analysing interviews 278
Types and Levels of Analysis 283
Concepts and conceptual themes 283
Theory building 285
Hypothesis Testing and Data Analysis 287
Critical Reflection 288
Feminist ideologies 289
Reflexivity 290
Summary and Review 291
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Study Questions and Activities for Students 291
Suggestions for Further Reading 292
References 292
13 Doing Longitudinal and Life-Course Criminological Research 297
Jerzy Sarnecki and Christoffer Carlsson
Introduction 298
Why Study the Life Course? 299
Life-Course Research and the Longitudinal Method 300
Prospective and retrospective designs 300
Quantitative and Qualitative Methods 305
Two forms of quantitative data 306
Qualitative data: process, life history and context 307
Mixing Methods 309
Cross-sectional and Longitudinal Research: The Main Differences 311
People 311
Variables 313
Time 314
Summary and Review 315
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Study Questions and Activities for Students 316
Suggestions for Further Reading 317
References 317
14 Using Interviews as Storytelling in Criminological Research 321
Elizabeth Stanley
Introduction 322
Interviews 322
Interviewing Victims of State Violence 324
Choosing interviews 326
Doing interviews 327
Reflections 332
Summary and Review 335
Study Questions and Activities for Students 336
Suggestions for Further Reading 337
References 337
15 Using In-Depth Interviewing and Documentary
Analysis in Criminological Research 341
Marie Segrave and Sanja Milivojevic
Introduction 342
Human Trafficking Defined 343
Background to the development of the Protocol 344
The impact of the Trafficking Protocol 345
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What we know about human trafficking 346
Research on Human Trafficking 347
Research design 348
Researching by talking: interview-based research 349
Ethics: being prepared 350
Accessing participants 352
Documentary Analysis 354
Policy and law 354
Media: fictional accounts of human trafficking 355
Summary and Review 356
Study Questions and Activities for Students 356
Suggestions for Further Reading 358
References 358
16 Using Biography and Autobiography in
Criminological (and Victimological) Research 363
Ross McGarry and Zoe Alker
Introduction 364
Placing Biography as a Method Within Criminology 364
The ‘Turn to Biography’ in Sociology and Criminology 365
Biographical Criminological Inquiry 367
Biographies of criminal ‘others’ 367
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Biography and life-course criminology 368
History, digitization and biography 370
The Digital Panopticon: from ‘Stanley’ to ‘Scannell’ 371
Life through a (biographical) lens 372
Thinking Critically about Biographical Methods within Criminology 374
Where is William? The presence and absence of the ‘victim’ 375
A biographical ‘malestream view’ 376
Summary and Review 378
Study Questions and Activities for Students 378
Suggestions for Further Reading 379
References 379
17 Doing Ethnographic Research in Criminology 385
Steve Hall
Introduction 386
Disciplinary Tension 386
The Ethnographic Approach in Social Science 387
The ethnographic process 388
Challenges: ontology and generalizability 393
The Ethnographic Approach in Criminology 394
Research ethics: deception, safety and confidentiality 396
Insiders/Outsiders 397
Anonymity and confidentiality 399
Covert research 399
Semi-structured interviews 400
Advanced Ethnographic Approaches in Criminology 400
Critical ethnography 401
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Feminist ethnography 401
Auto-ethnography 402
Visual ethnography 402
Online ethnography 403
Ultra-realist ethnographic networks 404
Summary and Review 405
Study Questions and Activities for Students 405
Suggestions for Further Reading 406
References 407
18 Doing Criminological Research Online 413
Majid Yar
Introduction 414
Doing an Online Literature Review 415
Finding Criminological Data Online 416
Analysing Web-based Content 417
Reaching Research Participants Online 420
Doing interviews online 421
Doing criminological surveys online 423
Doing criminological ethnography online 424
Summary and Review 427
Study Questions and Activities for Students 428
Suggestions for Further Reading 428
References 428
19 Using Visual Methods in Criminological Research 433
Ronnie Lippens
Introduction 434
Contextualizing Visual Criminological Research 434
The Visual Turn in the Social Sciences 437
Visual Criminology 439
Experiencing and Using Images 442
Making sense of images 443
Images as useful research tools 446
Images of Justice, Law and Order 447
Summary and Review 450
Study Questions and Activities for Students 450
Suggestions for Further Reading 451
References 451
20 Doing Comparative Criminological Research 455
Matthew Hall
Introduction 456
Globalization and Criminal Justice 456
Comparative Work in Crime and Criminology 458
Comparative Research in Practice 462
Comparative Work ‘Post’-Globalization? 467
Summary and Review 469
Study Questions and Activities for Students 469
Suggestions for Further Reading 470
References 471
21 Using Case Study Methods in Criminological Research 475
Kathleen Daly
Introduction 476
Approaches to Case Study Research and a Brief History 476
Key Terms 478
Case Selection 481
Strengths and Limits of Case Study Research: What Do You
Want to Know? 483
Case Study, Comparative Case Research and Comparative Criminology 483
Case Studies in Action: Some Classics 485
Case Studies in Action: Contemporary Criminology 486
Crime and disorder 486
Justice 487
Comparative Criminology 490
Summary and Review 491
Study Questions and Activities for Students 492
Suggestions for Further Reading 492
References 493
22 Doing Criminological Evaluation Research 497
Rob White
Introduction 498
Evaluation 498
Thinking about Doing Evaluation 499
Performance indicators 499
Methods of data collection 501
Doing Evaluation: Why and for Whom? 503
Stories from the Field 504
Politics – evaluation of the ‘Inside Out’ Prison Program 504
Relationships – evaluation of a prisoner peer support programme 507
Consequences – evaluation of the Post Release Options Program 510
Summary and Review 514
Study Questions and Activities for Students 515
Suggestions for Further Reading 517
References 517
Glossary 519
Index 535
LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES
| FIGURES |
| |
| Figure 2. 1 | Defining Your Topic | |
| Figure 3. 1 | Some of the Questions the Literature Review can Answer | |
| Figure 4. 1 | Core Elements of Methodology | |
| Figure 8. 1 | Number of Complainants Recorded at the | |
| Old Bailey, 1674–1913 (figures taken from Old Bailey Online) | ||
| Figure 8. 2 | Victims, by Gender, at the Old Bailey, 1674–1913 | |
| (figures taken from Old Bailey Online) | ||
| Figure 8. 3 | Prosecutions for Asasault, Crewe, | |
| 1880–1940, with Added Trend-Line | ||
| (Graph taken from Godfrey, 2008) | ||
| Figure 10. 1 | International Trends in Crime Incidence, ICVS 1988–2004 | |
| Figure 10. 2 | Trend in Numbers of Thefts of Motor | |
| Vehicles CSEW 1981–2016 | ||
| Figure 10. 3 | Trend in Numbers of Domestic Burglaries with | |
| Entry CSEW 1981–2016 | ||
| Figure 10. 4 | Marginal SPFs for Burglar Alarms, Burglary with Entry | |
| Figure 10. 5 | Changing Arrest Patterns Associated with the | |
| Crime Drop, US | ||
| Figure 10. 6 | Forced and Unforced Entry for Burglary with Entry, | |
| CSEW 1992–2011/12 | ||
| Figure 11. 1 | The Prediction-Led Policing Business Process | |
| Figure 11. 2 | Peter Borissov, Forecasting | |
| Crime in Washington DC | ||
| Figure 11. 3 | Example of a Hypothetical Classification Tree | |
| Figure 19. 1 | ‘Coming up for Air’ | |
| Figure 19. 2 | Gerard David, The Judgment of | |
| Cambyses (1498), Panel 1, The Arrest of Sisamnes, | ||
| Bruges, Groeninghe Museum | ||
| Figure 19. 3 | Gerard David, The Judgment of | |
| Cambyses (1498), Panel 2, The Flaying of | ||
| Sisamnes, Bruges, Groeninghe Museum | ||
TABLES
| Table 2. 1 | Research Timetable | |
| Table 5. 1 | Three Major Epistemological Positions in Social Research | |
| Table 5. 2 | Design Sequence Notation | |
| Table 5. 3 | Basic Mixed Methods Designs | |
| Table 6. 1 | Differences Between Penal Reform and Penal Abolitionism | |
| Table 8. 1 | Defendant and Victim Data | |
| Table 8. 2 | Offence and Gender of Complainatn, Old Bailey, 1674–1913 | |
| Table 8. 3 | Conviction by ‘Gendered Context’ | |
| (Sex of Victim and Assailant) (%) 184 | ||
| Table 8. 4 | Penalty by ‘Gendered Context’ | |
| (Sex of Victim and Assailant) (%) | ||
| Table 10. 1 | Quantitative Data Signatures Consistent With | |
| Security Having Reduced Vehicle-Related Theft | ||
| Table 10. 2 | Quantitative Data Signatures Consistent With Security | |
| Having Reduced Domestic Burglary | ||
| Table 12. 1 | Themes, Sub-themes and Examples Drawn from the | |
| Interviews with the Boys | ||
| Table 14. 1 | The 105 Respondents | |
| Table 21. 1 | Research Design Template | |
| Table 22. 1 | Matters Arising and PROP Responses | |
| Table 22. 2 | PROP Team Observations |
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