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From the History of Petroleum




 

Petroleum and natural gas have been known to man long before our era. Petroleum production on an industrial scale, however, was started only a little more than one hundred years ago, while the production and use of natural gas - only in the present century.

Petroleum and gas can be found escaping from rocks in many places all over the world. Such occurrence of petroleum and gas are mentioned in the writings of Herodotus (5th century B.C1.), Plutarch, Pliny the Elder, Marcus Vitruvius (1st century A.D2.).

Formerly, petroleum was extracted by most primitive methods, i.e. by digging wells to the petroliferous strata where the petroleum was still in the liquid state. Cases are known when surface seepages of petroleum were so considerable that it accumulated in the depressions of the relief forming petroleum lakes. But in these cases the petroleum with time lost its volatile components and turned into asphalt. As can be seen from ancient historical documents the use of petroleum as fuel dates back to extremely early times. Not only liquid petroleum but asphalt was also used as fuel.

The use of petroleum in early times refers to the Apsheron penin­sula and other regions of the Caspian shores which abounded in petroleum and where there was the deficiency of other kinds of fuel (coal, peat, wood), this forced the inhabitants to use petroleum as fuel for heating their dwellings, cooking purposes, etc.

We learn that petroleum had been used for illumination in the countries adjacent to the Caspian and the Mediterranean Seas as far back3 as several centuries B.C.

 

Notes:

1. B.C. (before Christ) - до новой эры

2. A.D. (Anno Domini) - новая эра

3. as far back as – eщe

 

VI. Answer the questions:

1. When have petroleum and natural gas been known to man?

2. When did the production of petroleum and natural gas begin?

3. How was petroleum extracted?

4. What was petroleum used in early times for?

5. When did the history of using petroleum as fuel begin?

 

VII. Speak on:

1. The extraction of petroleum in early times.

2. The use of petroleum.

VIII. Find the predicates and translate the sentences into Russian:

1. Petroleum and natural gas were known long before our era.

2. The production of petroleum and natural gas on an industrial scale was started only last century.

3. At first men used petroleum as fuel for heating their dwellings.

4. Petroleum was used for illumination several centuries B.C.

5. Long ago petroleum was extracted by primitive methods.

6. Gas can be found escaping from the rocks.

7. Asphalt was also used as fuel.

8. This phenomenon was mentioned in ancient writings.

 

Lesson Three

PETROLEUM

I. Words and expressions to be remembered:

1. petroleum – нефть

2. raw material – сырье, сырьевой материал (нефть-сырец)

3. hydrocarbons [´haidrou´kɑ:bǝnz] – углеводороды

4. sample – образец, проба

5. to prove – доказывать

6. to consist of – состоять из

7. to contain – содержать

8. to depend on – зависеть

9. composition – состав

10. to fall into – делиться на

11. colour – цвет

12. odour [´oudǝ] – запах

13. agreeable [ǝg´riǝbl] and disagreeable odour – приятный и неприятный запах

14. specific gravity – удельный вес

15. value – ценность

16. valuable – ценный

17. viscosity – вязкость

18. measure – мера

19. impurity – примесь

20. rock – горная порода

21. compound – соединение

22. hydrogen [´haidridʒǝn] – водород

23. oxygen [´oksidʒǝn] – кислород

24. uniform – однородный

25. the boiling point – точка кипения

26. volatile – летучий

27. nitrogen [´naitrǝdʒǝn] – азот

28. naphthenes [´næfѲi:nz] – нафтены, циклопарафины

29. paraffin(e) [´pærəfin] – парафин; керосин

30. paraffin(e) hydrocarbon – парафин, предельный углеводород, углеводород парафинового ряда

31. unsaturated - ненасыщенный

 

II. Read and translate the text:

Petroleum

 

Petroleum is a valuable raw material. It is a mixture of hydrocarbons. Analyses of petroleum proved that it consists of carbon and hydrogen. There are also other compounds which contain oxygen, nitrogen and inorganic matter. The physical and chemical properties of different samples of petroleum are not uniform. These depend on the composition of oil and presence of impurities.

Petroleum contains gaseous, liquid and solid hydrocarbons of different composition and properties. Thesе gaseous, solid and liquid hydrocarbons fall into three main classes: the paraffines, naphthenes and aromatic hydrocarbons.

The colour of petroleum varies considerably. Some oils may be almost colourless, others – light yellow, red, green, brown or black.

The odour of crude oil is also determined by its composition. The paraffines and naphthenes give agreeable odours whereas unsaturated hydrocarbons containing nitrogen compounds and sulphur cause the disagreeable odours.

The specific gravity of crude oil is an index of its value. The lighter oils have greater value because they contain larger quantities of gasoline and other valuable products.

The boiling point depends on the presence of hydrocarbons of low and high boiling points. The more volatile hydrocarbons are in the crude oil, the lower the boiling point.

Natural hydrocarbons are widely used as fuel for domestic and industrial needs. They also serve as a raw material in the petrochemical industry.

 

III. Answer the questions:

1. What is petroleum?

2. Does it contain only carbon and hydrogen?

3. What other elements does it contain?

4. Are physical and chemical properties of different samples of petroleum uniform?

5. What do these properties depend on?

6. How many classes do gaseous and liquid hydrocarbons fall into? What are they?

7. What can you say about the colour of petroleum?

8. What is the odour of petroleum determined by?

9. What is an index to the value of oil?

10. What oils have greater value?

11. What are the main uses of natural hydrocarbons?

 

 

IV. Read and translate the following words:

a) inorganic matter, liquid, solid, gaseous, physical, chemical structure, class, paraffines, viscosity, naphthenes, aromatic hydrocarbons, oxygen;

b) yellow, green, brown, black, red, light, great, different, main;

d) consist of, contain, depend on, composition, compound, property, prove, fall into, utilize.

 

V. Read and translate the words of the same root:

Value – valuable, physics – physical, chemistry – chemical, gas – gaseous, considerable – considerably, agree – agreeable – disagreeable, colour – colourful - colourless, odour – odourless, vary – variable, wide – widely

 

VI. Translate into Russian:

a) short – shorter – shortest, important – more important – most important, good – better – best;

b) the nearer … the denser, the more … the better, the lower … the higher

 

VII. Find English equivalents to the following Russian sentences in the text:

1. Чем больше летучих углеводородов в сырой нефти, тем ниже точка кипения.

2. Более легкие нефти имеют большую ценность.

3. Некоторые нефти могут быть бесцветными.

4. Более легкие нефти содержат больше бензина.

 

VIII. Translate the following words and expressions:

состоять из, ценное сырье, другие соединения, неорганические вещества, химический состав, жидкий, твердый, удельный вес, точка кипения.

IX. Use the prореr words and expressions:

1. Petroleum (contains. consists, proves) of' carbon and hydrogen.

2. Physical and chemical properties (protect, depend) on the che­mical composition and presence of impurities.

3. The odour of сrude oil is (made up, determined) by its composition.

4. The boiling points of crude oil are quite (the same, different, variable).

 

X. Translate into English:

1. Нефть - ценное углеводородное сырье.

2. Она состоит из углерода и водорода.

3. Различные нефти обладают различными свойствами.

4. Жидкие и твердые углеводороды делятся на 3 класса.

5. Удельный вес нефти - показатель ее ценности.

6. Углеводороды широко используются в качестве топлива и сырья для нефтеперерабатывающей промышленности.

 

XI. Read and translate the text without a dictionary in a written way:

Petroleum is a hydrocarbon, that is, it consists оf molecules containing atoms of hydrogen and carbon. The raw material of crude oil is found in oil fields where oil has accumulated in reservoir rocks rather dееp below ground. Crude oil is a mixture of molecules which differ mainly in the number of atoms of hydrogen and carbon out of which it consists. Usually small amounts of other substances are also found in crude oil. There are obviously а large number of possible mixtures and crude oils vary from field to field.

 

XII. Speak on:

1. Petroleum composition.

2. Physical and chemical properties of crude oil.

 

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