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More specialities in medicine
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1. Since World War II there has been an almost explosive increase of knowledge in the medical sciences as well as enormous advances in technology as applicable to medicine. These developments have led to more and more specialization. Expansion of knowledge both in depth and in range has encouraged the development of new forms of treatment that require high degrees of specialization, such as organ transplantation and exchange transfusion. The field of anesthesiology has grown increasingly complex as equipment and anesthetics have improved.
2. New technologies have introduced microsurgery, laser beam surgery, and lens implantation (for cataract patients), all requiring the specialist's skill. Precision in diagnosis has markedly improved; advances in radiology, the use of ultrasound, computerized axial tomography (CAT scan), and nuclear magnetic resonance imaging are examples of the technology extension requiring expertise in the field of medicine.
3. To provide more efficient service it is not uncommon for a specialist surgeon and a specialist physician to form a team working together in the field of, for example, heart disease. An advantage of this arrangement is that they can attract a highly trained group of muses, technologists, operating room technicians, and so on, thus greatly improving the efficiency of the service to the patient.
4. Such specialization is expensive, however, andhas required an increasingly large proportion of the health budget of institutions, a situation that eventually has its financial effect on the individual citizen. The question therefore arises as to their cost-effectiveness. Governments of developing countries have usually found, for instance, that it is more cost-efficient to provide more people with basic care.
Определите, является ли утверждение:
61. HEALTH BUDGET OF INSTITUTIONS IS INCREASINGLY SPENT ON SPECIALISATION.
1) ложным
2) истинным
3) в тексте нет информации
62. ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION REQUIRES HIGH DEGREES OF SPECIALISATION.
1) ложным
2) в тексте нет информации
3) истинным
63. A SURGEON AND A PHYSICIAN NEVER FORM A TEAM WORKING TOGETHER IN THE FIELD OF HEART DISEASE.
1) истинным
2) в тексте нет информации
3) ложным
64. CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY HAS LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF MORE EFFECTIVE DRUGS.
1) в тексте нет информации
2) истиняым
3) ложным
Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
65. NEW TECHNOLOGIES EXTENDED THE NEED IN EXPERTISE IN THE FIELD OF MEDICINE.
1) 4
2) 2
3) 1
4) 3
66. BOTH INCREASE OF KNOWLEDGE IN THE MEDICAL SCIENCES AND ADVANCES IN TECHNOLOGY.
1) 4
2) 2
3) 3
4) 1
67. ОТВЕТЬТЕ НА ВОПРОС:
WHY IS THE SPECIALIST'S SKILL IN MEDICINE ESPECIALLY IMPORTANT NOWADAYS?
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1) It is important because of the appearance of AIDS.
2) It is important because of the introduction of new technologies and equipment.
3) It is important because the number of patients is rapidly growing.
4) It is important because being a physician is a very hard job.
68. ОПРЕДЕЛИТЕ ОСНОВНУЮ ИДЕЮ ТЕКСТА
1) New technologies in medicine have greatly improved the efficiency of the service to the patient.
2) Specialization in medicine is very expensive.
3) Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging is one of the newest technologies in the field of medicine.
4) It is more efficient to provide people with basic care than to treat them in health service institutions.
Text 10
RADIATION THERAPY
1. Ionizing radiation is the transmission of energy by electromagnetic waves (e.g., X-rays) or by particles such as electrons, neutrons, or protons. Interaction with tissue produces free radicals and oxidants that damage or break cellular DNA, leading to cell death. When used properly, radiation may cause less damage than surgery and can often preserve organ structure and function.
2. The type of radiation used depends on the radiosensitivity of the tumor and which healthy organs are within the radiation field. High-energy sources, such as linear accelerators, deposit their energy at a greater depth, sparing the skin but treating the deep-seated tumor. Electron-beam radiation has low penetration and is useful in treating some skin cancers. Healthy organs have varying tolerance thresholds to radiation, bone marrow being the most sensitive and skin the least. The nervous system can tolerate much more radiation than the lungs or kidneys.
3. Radiation therapy can also be palliative if a cure is not possible; the size of the tumor can be reduced, thereby relieving pain or pressure on adjacent vital structures. It also can shrink a tumor to allow better drainage of an area, such as the lung, which can help to prevent infection and decrease the chance of bleeding. Radioactive implants in the form of metal needles or "seeds" are used to heat some cancers, such as those of the prostate and uterine cervix. They can deliver high doses of radiation directly into the tumor with less effect on distant tissues.
4. An organ can also be irradiated by the ingestion of a radioactive substance. The drawback to this procedure is the difficulty in calculating the correct dose. Irradiation is less effective in treating tissues that are poorly oxygenated (hypoxic) because of inadequate blood supply than it is in treating those that are well oxygenated. Some drugs enhance the toxic effect of radiation on tumor cells, especially those that are hypoxic.
Определите, является ли утверждение:
69. IRRADIATION IS MORE EFFECTIVE IN TREATING TISSUES THAT ARE WELL OXYGENATED.
1) в тексте нет информации
2) ложным
3) истинным
70. INTERACTING WITH TISSUE IONISING RADIATION CAUSES CELL DEATH.
1) истинным
2) в тексте нет информации
3) ложным
71. RADIOACTIVE IMPLANTS CAN DELIVER HIGH DOSES OF RADIATION DIRECTLY INTO THE TUMOUR WITH MORE EFFECT ON DISTANT TISSUES.
1) в тексте нет информации
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2) ложным
3) истинным
72. THE IMPORTANCE OF NUCLEAR GENETIC MATERIAL DNA IN REGULATING THE CELL'S PROTEIN PRODUCTION IS EVIDENT.
1) истинным
2) в тексте нет информации
3) ложным
Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
73. RADIOACTIVE METAL NEEDLES ARE USED TO HEAT THE CANCER OF PROSTATE.
1) 3
2) 1
3) 4
4) 2
74. THE TOLERANCE THRESHOLDS TO RADIATION IS DIFFERENT IN HEALTHY ORGANS.
1) 2
2) 3
3) 4
4) 1
75. ОТВЕТЬТЕ НА ВОПРОС:
WHAT IS THE ADVANTAGE OF RADIATION THERAPY IN TREATING TUMOURS COMPARED TO OTHER METHODS?
1) It can be of different types.
2) It may cause less damage than surgery.
3) It can transmit energy by electromagnetic waves.
4) It can be enhanced with some drugs.
76. ОПРЕДЕЛИТЕ ОСНОВНУЮ ИДЕЮ ТЕКСТА
1) Healthy organs have varying tolerance thresholds to radiation.
2) Radiation therapy is used in treating tumors in different organ structures.
3) Electron-beam radiation has low penetration and is useful in treating some skin cancers.
4) Irradiation is not effective in treating hypoxic tissues.
Text 11
HOSPITALS
1. A hospital is an institution that is built, staffed, and equipped for the identification (diagnosis) of disease; for the treatment, both medical and surgical, of the sick and the injured; and for their housing during this process. The modem hospital also often serves as a centre for investigation and for teaching. To better serve the wide-ranging needs of the community, the modem hospital has often developed outpatient facilities, as well as emergency, psychiatric, and rehabilitation services.
2. Hospitals have long existed in every civilized country. The developing countries, which contain a large proportion of the world's population, do not have enough hospitals, equipment, and trained staff, and, by the standards of the industrialized countries, the hospitals that do exist are poorly equipped to handle the volume of people who need care. These people, then, do not always receive the benefits of modem medicine, public health measures, or hospital care, and they generally have lower life expectancies.
3. In the developed countries the hospital as an institution is becoming more complex as modem technology increases the range of diagnostic capabilities and expands the possibilities for treatment. As a result of the greater range of services and the more involved treatment and surgery available, the ratio of staff to patient has increased and a more highly trained staff is required.
4. During recent years a combination of medicine and engineering has produced a vast array of new instrumentation, much of which requires a hospital setting for its use. Hospitals thus are becoming more expensive to run, and health service administrators are increasingly concerned with the question of cost-effectiveness.
Определите, является ли утверждение:
77. TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES MAKE HOSPITAL RUNNING MORE EXPENSIVE.
1) в тексте нет информации
2) ложным
3) истинным
78. THERE IS AN URGENT NECESSITY IN A HIGHLY QUALIFIED PERSONNEL IN HOSPITALS.
1) ложным
2) в тексте нет информации
3) истинным
79. IN THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES EVERYONE IN NEED IS PROVIDED WITH HOSPITAL CARE.
1) в тексте нет информации
2) истинным
3) ложным
80. HEALTH IS A STATE OF COMPLETE PHYSICAL, MENTAL AND SOCIAL WELL-BEING.
1) истинным
2) в тексте нет информации
3) ложным
Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
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81. HOSPITALS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES SUFFER FROM VARIOUS DIFFICULTIES.
1) 3
2) 4
3) 1
4) 2
82. MODERN HOSPITALS GIVE OPPORTUNITIES FOR INVESTIGATION AND TEACHING.
1) 2
2) 4
3) 1
4) 3
83. ОТВЕТЬТЕ НА ВОПРОС:
WHAT IS SPECIAL ABOUT HOSPITALS?
1) Hospitals are equipped with laboratory facilities.
2) Only the injured can be cured there.
3) They deliver only emergency services.
4) Sick people can stay there for the period of treatment.
84. ОПРЕДЕЛИТЕ ОСНОВНУЮ ИДЕЮ ТЕКСТА
1) Every civilized country has hospitals.
2) The question of cost-effectiveness for hospital administration is vital.
3) There is a wide range of health care needs in any community.
4) Hospitals are important health service institutions.
Text 12
CLINICS
1. A clinic is an organized medical service offering diagnostic, therapeutic, or preventive treatment to ambulatory patients. Often in Europe and occasionally in the United States the term covers the entire teaching centre, including the hospital and the ambulatory-patient facilities. The medical care offered by a clinic may or may not be connected with a hospital. The term "clinic" may be used to designate all the activities of a general clinic or only a particular division of the work; e.g., the psychiatric clinic, neurology clinic, or surgery clinic. The entire activity when connected with a hospital is called the outpatient department, and the specific subdivisions are referred to as clinics.
2. The first clinic in the English-speaking world, the London Dispensary, was foundedin 1696 as a central means of dispensing medicines to the sick poor whom the physicians were heating in the patients' homes. The New York City, Philadelphia, and Boston dispensaries, founded in 1771, 1786, and 1796, respectively, had the same objective. Later, for the sake of convenience, physicians began to heat their free patients at the dispensary. The number of such clinics did not increase rapidly, and as late as 1390 only 132 were operating in the United States.
3. During the late 1800s the modem concept of a hospital began to take shape. During this period some of the hospitals connected with medical schools inaugurated outpatient departments for the purposes of teaching and charity. The advantages of providing ambulatory care close to the facilities of a hospital became apparent, and such hospital clinics multiplied rapidly.
4. The organization of a hospital clinic in general follows that of the inpatient facilities. Hospital clinics are primarily concerned with acute diseases, and the physicians in the clinics are usually the same physicians who heat inpatients in the hospital.
Определите, является ли утверждение:
85. THE FIRST CLINIC IN THE ENGLISH-SPEAKING COUNTRIES WAS FOUNDED IN THE XVIITH CENTURY.
1) ложным
2) в тексте нет информации
3) истинным
86. THE PHYSICIANS IN THE CLINICS AND IN THE HOSPITAL ARE USUALLY THE SAME SPECIALISTS.
1) ложным
2) истинным
3) в тексте нет информации
87. THE PHYSICIANS OF THE LONDON DISPENSARY WERE TREATING THEIR PATIENTS IN THE CLINIC.
1) ложным
2) истинным
3) в тексте нет информации
88. PRACTICALLY ALL CLINICS CHARGE A SMALL REGISTRATION FEE IF THE PATIENT IS ABLE TO PAY.
1) в тексте нет информации
2) ложным
3) истинным
Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
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89. THE FIRST AMERICAN CLINICS WERE ESTABLISHED IN THE XVIIITH CENTURY.
1) 4
2) 3
3) 1
4) 2
90. THE NUMBER OF HOSPITAL CLINICS GREW RAPIDLY BECAUSE OF THE CONVENIENCE OF PROVIDING AMBULATORY CARE CLOSE TO THE FACILITIES OF A HOSPITAL.
1) 4
2) 2
3) 1
4) 3
91. ОТВЕТЬТЕ НА ВОПРОС:
WHAT DOES THE TERM "CLINIC" MEAN?
1) It denotes a specific subdivision of a hospital for treating outpatients.
2) It is a facility for diagnosis and treatment of inpatients.
3) It is a class of medical institution in which patients are examined and discussed.
4) It means a group meeting devoted to the acquiring of specific skills or knowledge.
Text 13
ARMY MEDICAL ORGANIZATION
1. The medical doctor of first contact to the soldier in the armies of developed countries is usually an officer in the medical corps. In peacetime the doctor sees the sick and has functions similar to those of the general practitioner, prescribing drugs and dressings, and there may be a sick bay where slightly sick soldiers can remain for a few days. The doctor is usually assisted by trained nurses and corpsmen. If a further medical opinion is required, the patient can be referred to a specialist at a military or civilian hospital.
2. In a war zone, medical officers have an aid post where, with the help of corpsmen, they apply first aid to the walking wounded and to the more seriously wounded who are brought in. The casualties are evacuated as quickly as possible by field ambulances or helicopters. At a company station, medical officers and medical corpsmen may provide further treatment before patients are evacuated to the main dressing station at the field ambulance headquarters, where a surgeon may perform emergency operations. Thereafter, evacuation may be to casualty clearing stations, to advanced hospitals, or to base hospitals. Air evacuation is widely used.
3. In peacetime most of the intermediate medical units exist only in skeleton form; the active units are at the battalion and hospital level. When physicians join the medical corps, they may join with specialist qualifications, or they may obtain such qualifications while in the army. A feature of army medicine is promotion to administrative positions. The commanding officer of a hospital and the medical officer at headquarters may have no contacts with actual patients.
4. Although medical officers in peacetime have some choice of the land of work they will do, they are in a chain of command and are subject to military discipline. When dealing with patients, however, they are in a special position; they cannot be ordered by a superior officer to give some treatment or take other action that they believe is wrong. Medical officers also do not bear or use arms unless their patients are being attacked.
Определите, является ли утверждение:
92. MEDICAL OFFICERS CAN USE ARMS IF THEIR PATIENTS ARE BEING ATTACKED.
1) истинным
2) ложным
3) в тексте нет информации
93. THE COMMANDING OFFICER OF A HOSPITAL MAY HAVE NO CONTACTS WITH PATIENTS.
1) ложным
2) в тексте нет информации
3) истинным
94. MEDICAL OFFICERS HAVE TO OBEY THE SUPERIOR OFFICER IN GIVING TREATMENT TO THE PATIENT.
1) истинным
2) ложным
3) в тексте нет информации
95. ARMIES AND AIR FORCES MAY SHARE THE SAME MEDICAL SERVICES.
1) ложным
2) истинным
3) в тексте нет информации
Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
96. THE WAYS OF EVACUATING THE CASUALTIES FROM THE WAR ZONE ARE DIFFERENT.
1) 1
2) 3
3) 2
4) 4
97. THE FUNCTIONS OF THE ARMY DOCTORS AND THE GENERAL PRACTITIONERS ARE SIMILAR IN PEACETIME.
1) 2
2) 3
3) 1
4) 4
98. ОТВЕТЬТЕ НА ВОПРОС:
WHERE CAN ARMY PHYSICIANS OBTAIN THEIR QUALIFICATIONS?
1) They may obtain their qualifications while being the army.
2) They must obtain their qualifications only in the medical institution.
3) The qualifications are usually obtained by army physicians through participation in war actions.
4) They can get practice in different medical units.
99. ОПРЕДЕЛИТЕ ОСНОВНУЮ ИДЕЮ ТЕКСТА
1) The medical doctor prescribes drugs and dressings.
2) The army medical organization has its special features.
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3) The doctor is usually assisted by trained nurses and corpsmen.
4) In a war zone, medical officers apply first aid to the walking wounded.
Text 14
PUBLIC HEALTH CARE
1. Public health has been defined as the art and science of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting physical and mental health, sanitation, personal hygiene, control of infection, and organization of health services. From the normal human interactions there has emerged recognition of the importance of community action in the promotion of health and the prevention and treatment of disease.
2. The practice of public health chaws heavily on medical science and philosophy and concentrates especially on manipulating and controlling the environment for the benefit of the public. It is concerned therefore with housing, water supplies, and food. Public health medicine is a part of the greater enterprise of preserving and improving the public health. Occupational medicine is concerned with the health, safety, and welfare of people in the workplace. Its aim is to reduce the risks in the environment in which people work.
3. The venture of preserving, maintaining, and actively promoting public health requires special methods of information-gathering (epidemiology) and corporate arrangements to act upon significant findings and put them into practice. Statistics collected by epidemiologists attempt to describe and explain the occurrence of disease in a population by correlating factors such as diet, environment, radiation, or cigarette smoking with the incidence and prevalence of disease.
4. The government, through laws and regulations, creates agencies to oversee and formally inspect such things as water supplies, food processing, sewage treatment, drains, air contamination, and pollution. Governments are also concerned with the control of epidemic infections by means of enforced quarantine and isolation - for example, the health control that takes place at seaports and airports in an attempt to assure that infectious diseases are not brought into a country.
Определите, является ли утверждение:
100. HEALTH CONTROL AT AIRPORTS IS A PREVENTIVE MEASURE AGAINST BRINGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES INTO A COUNTRY.
1) в тексте нет информации
2) истинным
3) ложным
101. GOVERNMENT AGENCIES INSPECT WATER SUPPLIES, AIR CONTAMINATION, AND POLLUTION.
1) ложным
2) в тексте нет информации
3) истинным
102. OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE IS AIMED AT REDUCING THE RISKS IN THE ENVIRONMENT IN WHICH PEOPLE LIVE.
1) истинным
2) ложным
3) в тексте нет информации
103. THERE ARE STILL MANY PROBLEMS TO BE SOLVED IN THE SPHERE OF PUBLIC HEALTH.
1) истинным
2) ложным
3) в тексте нет информации
Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
104. GOVERNMENTS PLAY AN IMPORTANT PART IN THE SYSTEM OF CONTROL OF EPIDEMIC INFECTIONS.
1) 4
2) 1
3) 3
4) 2
105. THE ENVIRONMENT IN WHICH PEOPLE WORK IS A CONCERN OF PUBLIC HEALTH MEDICINE.
1) 1
2) 3
3) 4
4) 2
106. ОТВЕТЬТЕ НА ВОПРОС:
WHAT INFORMATION DO EPIDEMIOLOGISTS PROVIDE?
1) Statistics collected by epidemiologists explain how to put corporate arrangements into practice.
2) They use statistics to provide special diets for the population.
3) They provide data for government through laws and regulations.
4) They collect data and try to explain the relationship between a disease and different environmental and behavioral factors.
107. ОПРЕДЕЛИТЕ ОСНОВНУЮ ИДЕЮ ТЕКСТА
1) Medicine is involved in improving the health, safety, and welfare of population.
2) The art and science of public health deals with preserving, maintaining, and actively promoting physical and mental health of people.
3) Public health is concerned with housing, water supplies, and food.
4) Governments are responsible for public health in their countries.
Text 15
THERAPEUTICS
1. Therapeutics is treatment and care of a patient for the purpose of both preventing and combating disease or alleviating pain or injury. The term comes from the Greek "therapeutikos", which means "inclined to serve." In a broad sense therapeutics means serving and caring for the patient in a comprehensive manner, preventing disease as well as managing specific problems.
2. Exercise, diet, and mental factors are therefore integral to the prevention, as well as the management, of disease processes. More specific measures that are employed to treat specific symptoms include the use of drugs to relieve pain or treat infection, surgery to remove diseased tissue or replace poorly functioning or nonfunctioning organs, and counseling or psychotherapy to relieve emotional distress. Confidence in the physician and in the method selected enhances effectiveness.
3. Disease is a harmful deviation from the normal structural or functional state of an organism. A diseased organism commonly exhibits signs or symptoms indicative of its abnormal state. Thus, the normal condition of an organism must be understood in order to recognize the hallmarks of disease. Nevertheless, a sharp demarcation between disease and health is not always apparent.
4. The study of disease is called pathology. It involves the determination of the cause (etiology) of the disease, the understanding of the mechanisms of its development (pathogenesis), the structural changes associated with the disease process (morphological changes), and the functional consequences of these changes. Correctly identifying the cause of a disease is necessary to identifying the proper course of treatment. Humans, animals, and plants are all susceptible to diseases of some sort. However, that which disrupts the normal functioning of one type of organism may have no effect on the other types.
Определите, является ли утверждение:
108. BOTH ANIMALS AND PLANTS ARE ALWAYS EXPOSED TO DISEASES.
1) в тексте нет информации
2) ложным
3) истинным
109. IT'S MUCH EASIER TO TREAT THE DISEASE WHEN THE CAUSE OF IT IS KNOWN.
1) в тексте нет информации
2) ложным
3) истинным
110. POST-OPERATIVE THERAPY MAY INCLUDE SUCH TREATMENT AS CHEMOTHERAPY OR RADIATION THERAPY.
1) ложным
2) истинным
3) в тексте нет информации
111. MEDICINE IS THE SCIENCE CONCERNED WITH THE MAINTENANCE OF HEALTH AND THE PREVENTION, ALLEVIATION, OR CURE OF DISEASE.
1) ложным
2) истинным
3) в тексте нет информации
Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
112. PATHOLOGY DETERMINES STRUCTURAL CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH THE DISEASE PROCESS.
1) 1
2) 4
3) 2
4) 3
113. EFFECTIVE TREATMENT DEPENDS ON THE CONFIDENCE OF A PATIENT IN THE PHYSICIAN AND IN THE METHOD SELECTED.
1) 2
2) 4
3) 1
4) 3
114. ОТВЕТЬТЕ НА ВОПРОС:
WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND THE NORMAL CONDITION OF AN ORGANISM?
1) It is necessary for managing specific problems.
2) It is necessary for recognizing the symptoms of a disease.
3) It is necessary for treating specific symptoms.
4) It is necessary for removing diseased tissue.
115. ОПРЕДЕЛИТЕ ОСНОВНУЮ ИДЕЮ ТЕКСТА:
1) Diet plays an important part in prevention of diseases.
2) The word "therapeutics" is of Greek origin.
3) The concepts "disease" and "health" differ from each other.
4) The scope of studies of therapeutics is very broad.
Ключи
I. Ключи к тестовым заданиям по грамматике английского языка на материале бытовой лексики
1) 4
2) 3
3) 1
4) 1
5) 2
6) 4
7) 2
8) 3
9) 1
10) 4
11) 2
12) 2
13) 4
14) 3
15) 3
16) 2
17) 1
18) 1
19) 4
20) 3
21) 1
22) 1
23) 4
24) 2
25) 4
26) 1
27) 4
28) 2
29) 1
30) 2
31) 4
32) 1
33) 3
34) 2
35) 1
36) 3
37) 4
38) 3
39) 1
40) 4
41) 3
42) 3
43) 2
44) 3
45) 1
46) 2
47) 4
48) 2
49) 4
50) 1
51) 3
52) 2
53) 1
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55) 4
56) 3
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100) 3
101) 2
102) 3
103) 4
104) 2
105) 4
106) 2
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108) 1
109) 4
110) 1
111) 3
112) 3
113) 4
114) 4
115) 1
116) 4
117) 2
118) 4
119) 4
120) 1
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122) 2
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124) 3
125) 4
126) 1
127) 1
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132) 4
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134) 4
135) 3
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138) 1
139) 3
140) 1
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142) 3
143) 4
144) 1
145) 3
146) 4
147) 3
148) 1
149) 3
150) 2
151) 4
152) 2
153) 2
154) 3
155) 4
156) 2
157)3
158) 2
159) 1
160) 1
161) 3
162) 1
163) 4
164) 4
165) 1
166) 3
167) 2
168) 4
169) 1
170) 1
171) 2
172) 3
173) 2
174) 2
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176) 4
177) 4
178) 4
179) 3
180) 3
181) 3
182) 2
183) 3
184) 4
185) 4
186) 2
187) 4
188) 3
189) 4
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193)2
194) 2
195) 3
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197) 3
198) 4
199) 2
200) 3
201) 1
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209) 4
210) 2
211) 1
212) 1
213) 1
214) 2
215) 1
216) 1
217) 4
218) 2
219) 4
220) 1
II. Ключи к тестовым заданиям по грамматике английского языка на материале общепрофессиональной медицинской лексики
1) 3
2) 2
3) 4
4) 2
5) 1
6) 1
7) 1
8) 3
9) 4
10) 2
11) 4
12) 2
13) 1
14) 1
15) 3
16) 2
17) 3
18) 3
19) 2
20) 1
21) 3
22) 1
23) 4
24) 1
25) 1
26) 3
27) 1
28) 2
29) 4
30) 2
31) 4
32) 3
33) 1
34) 4
35) 1
36) 2
37) 1
38) 4
39) 1
40) 4
41) 3
42) 2
43) 3
44) 4
45) 1
46) 2
47) 1
48) 3
49) 4
50) 4
51) 3
52) 1
53) 1
54) 2
55) 3
56) 3
57) 2
58) 4
59) 2
60) 1
61) 1
62) 4
63) 2
64) 2
65) 3
66) 1
67) 4
68) 4
69) 2
70) 3
71) 2
72) 1
73) 4
74) 1
75) 1
76) 2
77) 1
78) 3
79) 2
80) 1
81) 3
82) 1
83) 3
84) 2
85) 1
86) 2
87) 3
88) 4
89) 3
90) 1
91) 2
92) 1
93) 2
94) 2
95) 1
96) 1
97) 1
98) 1
99) 1
100) 4
101) 4
102) 3
103) 1
104) 2
105) 1
106) 1
107) 4
108) 2
109) 2
110) 3
111) 1
112) 1
113) 2
114) 2
115) 2
116) 2
117) 4
118) 4
119) 1
120) 3
121) 1
122) 3
123) 4
124) 1
125) 3
126) 3
127) 2
128) 1
129) 1
130) 2
131) 4
132) 3
133) 1
134) 4
135) 1
136) 3
137) 2
138) 1
139) 4
140) 3
141) 1
142) 2
143) 2
144) 1
145) 3
146) 3
147) 1
148) 2
149) 4
150) 2
151) 3
152) 1
153) 2
154) 1
155) 4
156) 2
157) 1
158) 3
159) 2
160) 4
161) 3
162) 2
163) 2
164) 3
165) 4
166) 3
167) 1
168) 4
169) 4
170) 2
171) 2
172) 3
173) 4
174) 1
175) 2
176) 4
177) 3
178) 3
179) 4
180) 4
181) 3
182) 4
183) 1
184) 1
185) 1
186) 1
187) 1
188) 4
189) 1
190) 1
191) 1
192) 3
193) 2
194) 1
195) 3
196) 1
197) 3
198) 3
199) 2
200) 1
201) 3
202) 4
203) 2
204) 4
205) 1
206) 1
207) 1
208) 4
209) 2
210) 4
211) 4
212) 3
213) 2
214) 4
215) 1
216) 1
217) 3
218) 2
219) 2
220) 1
221) 3
222) 4
223) 2
224) 4
225) 1
226) 3
227) 3
228) 2
229) 4
230) 4
231) 4
232) 1
233) 2
234) 3
235) 3
236) 1
237) 2
238) 2
239) 4
240) 2
241) 4
242) 1
243) 3
244) 3
245) 3
246) 4
247) 1
248) 2
249) 1
250) 3
251) 2
252) 1
253) 3
254) 1
255) 1
III. Ключи к тестовым заданиям по страноведению
1) 2
2) 3
3) 1
4) 4
5) 1
6) 1
7) 3
8) 1
9) 4
10) 2
11) 2
12) 1
13) 1
14) 2
15) 4
16) 3
17) 3
18) 4
19) 3
20) 4
21) 2
22) 2
23) 4
24) 4
25) 2
26) 2
27) 2
28) 3
29) 2
30) 3
31) 4
32) 2
33) 3
34) 3
35) 3
36) 2
37) 3
38) 3
39) 2
40) 3
41) 2
42) 4
43) 3
44) 4
45) 2
46) 3
47) 1
48) 1
49) 2
50) 4
IV. Ключи к тестовым заданиям по основам делового общения
1) 4
2) 1
3) 3
4) 3
5) 3
6) 3
7) 3
8) 1
9) 3
10) 1
11) 4
12) 2
13) 4
14) 3
15) 2
16) 2
17) 3
18) 1
19) 3
20) 4
21) 4
22) 1
23) 3
24) 3
25) 4
26) 1
27) 3
28) 4
29) 1
30) 4
31) 3
32) 6
33) 5
34) 2
35) 1
36) 2
37) 3
38) 5
39) 4
40) 6
41) 3
42) 6
43) 4
44) 5
45) 2
46) 1
47) 5
48) 3
49) 2
50) 4
51) 1
52) 6
53) 3
54) 3
55) 3
56) 1
57) 3
58) 1
59) 4
60) 3
61) 1
62) 2
63) 1
64) 2
65) 3
66) 4
67) 3
68) 4
69) 2
70) 1
71) 2
72) 3
73) 1
74) 4
75) 4
76) 2
77) 1
78) 3
V. Ключи к тестовым заданиям на знание медицинской лексики общепрофессиональной направленности
1) 2
2) 1
3) 4
4) 2
5) 1
6) 4
7) 1
8) 4
9) 2
10) 2
11) 2
12) 1
13) 2
14) 3
15) 4
16) 1
17) 2
18) 4
19) 4
20) 1
21) 1
22) 1
23) 1
24) 2
25) 4
26) 4
27) 2
28) 3
29) 3
30) 2
31) 3
32) 1
33) 4
34) 2
35) 2
36) 4
37) 3
38) 2
39) 1
40) 3
41) 2
42) 4
43) 4
44) 3
45) 2
46) 4
47) 3
48) 1
49) 2
50) 1
51) 1
52) 2
53) 1
54) 3
55) 2
56) 2
57) 1
58) 1
59) 1
60) 1
61) 4
62) 3
63) 4
64) 1
65) 3
66) 3
67) 1
68) 2
69) 4
70) 1
71) 2
72) 1
73) 4
74) 1
75) 2
76) 3
77) 4
78) 1
79) 3
80) 4
81) 1
82) 1
83) 2
84) 1
85) 4
86) 1
87) 2
88) 1
89) 1
90) 2
91) 3
92) 1
93) 2
94) 2
95) 3
96) 2
97) 1
98) 2
99) 3
100) 1
101) 1
102) 2
103) 4
104) 1
105) 1
106) 2
107) 3
108) 2
109) 2
110) 4
111) 3
112) 3
113) 4
114) 2
115) 2
116) 4
117) 1
118) 2
119) 4
120) 1
121) 2
122) 3
123) 2
124) 3
125) 4
126) 2
127) 3
128) 4
129) 1
130) 3
131) 2
132) 1
133) 4
134) 2
135) 3
136) 1
137) 4
138) 2
139) 1
140) 4
141) 1
142) 1
143) 3
144) 2
145) 3
146) 2
147) 3
148) 1
149) 1
150) 1
151) 1
152) 2
153) 1
154) 2
155) 3
156) 1
157) 1
158) 4
159) 2
160) 3
161) 3
162) 3
163) 4
164) 3
165) 1
166) 3
167) 2
168) 1
169) 2
170) 1
VI. Ключи к тестовым заданиям на знание специальной лексики
1) 4
2) 1
3) 1
4) 1
5) 2
6) 2
7) 2
8)34
9) 2
10) 1
11) 2
12) 3
13) 1
14) 1
15) 3
16) 1
17) 2
18) 1
19) 1
20) 2
21) 3
22) 2
23) 2
24) 4
25) 3
26) 3
27) 4
28) 1
29) 2
30) 4
31) 1
32) 2
33) 2
34) 2
35) 2
36) 3
37) 2
38) 2
39) 3
40) 3
41) 3
42) 4
43) 1
44) 3
45) 2
46) 2
47) 4
48) 2
49) 4
50) 2
51) 1
52) 1
53) 2
54) 1
55) 1
56) 3
57) 3
58) 1
59) 1
60) 2
61) 1
62) 1
63) 4
64) 1
65) 1
66) 1
67) 1
68) 1
69) 4
70) 1
71) 2
72) 4
73) 2
74) 1
75) 3
76) 3
77) 2
78) 2
79) 1
80) 2
81) 2
82) 2
83) 2
84) 3
85) 2
86) 3
87) 1
88) 2
89) 4
90) 1
91) 2
92) 1
93) 2
94) 2
95) 1
96) 2
97) 3
98) 2
99) 3
100) 4
101) 3
102) 4
103) 1
104) 1
105) 2
106) 3
107) 2
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