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Неопределенные местоимения some, any, отрицательное местоимение no и их производные
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Употребление some и any, а также их производных определяется типом предложения.
В утвердительном предложении употребляются, как правило, местоимение some и его производные:
Give те something to read, please. Дайте мне что-нибудь почитать, пожалуйста.
I met him somewhere before. Я встречал его где-то раньше.
В вопросительных и отрицательных предложениях обычно используются местоимение any и его производные: Have you seen him anywhere? Вы видели его где-нибудь? Is there anything I can do for you? Могу ли я что-нибудь для вас сделать?
В отрицательных предложениях используется либо местоимение any и его производные: I cannot find this book anywhere. Я не могу нигде найти эту книгу.
Либо отрицательное местоимение no: There is nobody in that room. В той комнате никого нет. There isn’t anybody in that room. В той комнате никого нет.
Различия между местоимениями any и some — в степени неопределенности, поэтому иногда местоимение any можно встретить и в утвердительных предложениях: You can find this book anywhere. — Эту книгу вы можете найти где угодно.
2.I Вставь somebody, anybody, nobody или everybody:
1. The question is so difficult that... can answer it.
2.... left his bag in our office yesterday.
3. Has... in this group got the knowledge of building engineering?
4. It is too late. I think there is... in the office now.
5.... knows that the selection of materials for construction include availability, cost and physical properties.
6. Is there... here who knows English?
7. You must find... who can help you.
8.... knew anything about the diversity ofbuilding structures.
9. The question is very easy.... can answer this question.
10. There is... in the next room. I don’t know him.
11. Please, tell us the story.... knows it.
12. Is there... you want to tell me?
13. Has... here got a measurement?
| MODULE3 | GREAT CIVIL ENGINEERS |
3.1 Найди пары синонимов:
| 1. improve | 2. solid | A. high rising building | B.development |
| 3. rigid | 4. regressive | C. innovative | D. tensile |
| 5. low rising building | 6. stoppage | E. high-pitch vaulting | F. curve |
| 7. straight | 8. low-pitch vaulting | G. deform | H. lattice |
3.2 Замени выделенные слова на: a) flank b) roof c) support d) shell e) storey f) vaulting g) truss h) cause i) place j) innovation
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1. Only the framework of the building stood after the fire. 2. The wooden beams form a rigid structure to support a roof. 3. The survey examined the impact of current modernization within the construction industry. 4. They installed a protective covering that forms the top of the building. 5. They managed to solve the technical aspects of doming that building. 6. Large beams bear the damaged wall. 7. This approach may leadto the improvement in construction planning and management. 8. Hotels and rooming houses still line the streets in this town. 9. They decided to locate a new construction site just 30 miles from the city centre. 10. Many firms are likely to consider renovating or constructing multi- floor buildings.
3.3 Прочитай текст о Vladimir G. Shukhov и установи верны ли данные высказывания:
1. V.G. Shukhov developed hyperboloid structures.
2. Based on the calculations of the optimal diameter and wall thickness of pipelines, Shukhov designed the first Russian oil tanker.
3. V.G. Shukhov contributed to the development of new architectural forms in Russia.
4. The first hyperboloid structure in the world was the steel lattice 37-meter tower built by V.G. Shukhov for the 1896 All-Russia industrial and art exhibition in Nizhniy Novgorod.
5. Petrovsky Passage, an elite department store, and the Kiyevsky Rail Terminal in Moscow were designed by V.G. Shukhov.
6. The Shukhov radio tower, also known as the Shabolovka tower, is not a hyperboloid structure.
Vladimir Grigoryevich Shukhov (1853— 1939) was a great Russian engineer, scientist and architect renowned for his pioneering works on new methods of analysis for structural engineering that led to breakthroughs in industrial design. Besides the innovations he brought to the oil industry and the construction of numerous bridges and buildings, Shukhov was the inventor of a new family of doubly- curved structural forms. These forms based on non-Euclidean hyperbolic geometry are known today as hyperboloids of revolution. Shukhov developed not only many varieties of light-weight hyperboloid towers and roof systems, but also the mathematics for their analysis.
V.G. Shukhov is referred as the Russian Edison. He was one of the first to develop practical calculations of stresses and deformations of beams, shells and membranes on elastic foundation. These theoretical results allowed him to design the first Russian oil tanker, new types of oil tanker barges, and oil reservoirs. Thesame principle of the shell on an elastic foundation allowed calculating the optimal diameter, wall thickness and fluid speed for the fluid pipelines.
V.G. Shukhov also left a lasting legacy to the Constructivist architecture of early Soviet Russia. As a leading specialist of metallic staictures (hyperboloid structures, thin-shell structures, tensile structures), he may be compared with G. Eiffel. Shukhov’s innovative and exquisite constructions still grace many towns across Russia.
For the 1896 All-Russia industrial and art exhibition in Nizhniy Novgorod V.G. Shukhov built the steel lattice 37-meter tower which became the first hyperboloid structure in the world. The astonishing hyperboloid steel grid shell caused delight of the European specialists. After the exhibition had closed, the tower of rare beauty was bought by the well-known Maecenas of that time Yu.S. Nechayev-Maltsov and placed in his estate Polibino, Lipetskoblast, where it has preserved until now under the state protection. In the subsequent years, Shukhov developed numerous structures of various hyperboloid steel grid shells and used them in hundreds of water towers, sea lighthouses and supports for power transmission lines. The hyperboloid structures appeared abroad only 10 years after Shukhov’s invention.
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Petrovsky’ Passage is an elite department store opened in Petrovka Street in downtown Moscow in 1906. Vladimir Shukhov designed a covered arcade with two wide three-storey galleries covered with high-pitched semi-cylindrical glass vaulting. The second storeys of opposite galleries are connected by exquisitely designed ferroconcrete catwalks. In the 1990s, the shop was revamped as the centre of one of the most expensive shopping areas in Europe.
The Kiyevsky Rail Terminal is one of the nine rail terminals of Moscow. The station was built between 1914 and 1918 in the Byzantine Revival style. Originally named the Bryansk Rail Terminal, it was designed by Ivan Rerberg and Vladimir Shukhov; it is considered an important landmark of architecture and engineering of the time. The station building is flanked by a gigantic landing platform which is distinguished by its simplicity and constructive boldness. The platforms are covered by massive glassed arch structures in the form of a parabola. Open-work steel trusses are clearly visible, and they demonstrate the elegance of the grandiose building.
The Shukhov radio tower, also known as the Shabolovka tower, is a broadcasting tower in Moscow designed by V. Shukhov. The 160-metre-high free-standing steel structure was built in the period of 1919 — 1922. It is a hyperboloid structure. Due to its lattice structure the steel shell of the Shukhov Tower experiences minimum wind load (the main hazard for high-rising buildings). The tower sections are single-cavity hyperboloids of rotation made of straight beams, the ends of which rest against circular foundations. The tower is located a few kilometers south of the Moscow Kremlin.
Shukhov is also reputed for his original designs of more than 180 bridges across the Volga, Yenisey, Dnieper, and other rivers.
3.4 Ответь на вопросы:
1. These forms based on non-Euclidean hyperbolic geometry are known today as hyperboloids of revolution. What does the demonstrative adjective these refer to?
2. Shukhov developed the mathematics for their analysis. What does the pronoun their refer to?
3. V.G. Shukhov is referred to as the Russian Edison. Who is Edison referred to?
4. he may be compared with G. Eiffel. Who is G. Eiffel referred to?
5. it is considered an important landmark of architecture and engineering of the time. What does the pronoun it refer to?
6. The station building is flanked by a gigantic landing platform which is distinguished by its simplicity and constructive boldness. What does the pronoun its refer to?
3.5 Прочитай, текст V.G. Shukhov’s Biography, расположи абзацы в правильной последовательности:
Shukhov always found time for a passionate hobby — photography. The photographic works of Shukhov opened new trends ahead of their flourishing of fine art photography. He made photos in various genres: city landscape, portrait, constructivism. About two thousand photos and negatives made by Shukhov have survived until this day.
After graduating from the gymnasium, Moscow Technical School, but Shukhov decided to seek a job in the industry instead.
In 1877 Shukhov returned to Russia and joined the drafting office of the Warsaw-Vienna railroad. Within several months, Shukhov’s frustration with standard and routine engineering made him abandon the office and join a military-medical academy. On his coming to Russia in 1877, Bari persuaded Shukhov to give up his medical education and to assume the office of Chief Engineer in a new company specializing in innovative engineering. Shukhov worked with Bari for this company until the October Revolution. Their works revolutionized many areas of civil engineering, ship engineering, and oil industry. The thermal cracking method, the Shukhov cracking process, was patented by Vladimir Shukhov in 1891.
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Vladimir Shukhov was born in the town of Graivoron, Belgorod uyezd, Kursk gubemiya (in present-day Belgorod oblast) into a petty noble family. His father Grigory Shukhov was a minor government official, promoted for his efforts in the Crimean War. For a while Grigory served as Mayor of Graivoron and later as an administrator in Warsaw.
After the October Revolution Shukhov decided to stay in the Soviet Union despite having received alluring job offers from around the world. Many signal Soviet engineering projects of the 1920s were associated with his name. In 1919 he framed his slogan: “We should work independently from politics. The buildings, boilers, beams are needed and so are we”. In the later 1930s he retired from engineering work. Shukov died on February 2, 1939 in Moscow and was buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery.
In 1864 Vladimir entered St. Petersburg gymnasium from which he graduated with distinction in 1871. During his high school years he showed mathematical talents, once demonstrating to his classmates and teacher an original proof of the Pythagorean theorem. The teacher praised his skills but he failed the grade for violating the guidelines of the textbook.
Thereupon Shukhov went to Philadelphia to work on the Russian pavilion at the World’s Fair and to study the inner workings of the American industry. During his stay in the US Shukhov came to know a Russian-American entrepreneur, Alexander Bari who also worked on the organization of the Fair.
3.6 Переведи предложения, обращая внимание на выделенные слова:
1. a. Did the speaker stress the need for better education?
b. Stress can lead to the building collapsing.
c. They place too much stress on money and position.
2. a. He mentioned the cause of structural failure.
b. These facts cause an increase in the span of the beam.
c. Don’t stay away without good cause.
3. a. They should concrete the garden path.
b. This caused the expansion of the concrete floor.
c. The walk was paved with concrete.
4. a. Beams of light penetrated the darkness.
b. The transmitter beams radio waves all over the country.
c. A frame consists of beams and columns with foundation.
5. a. Various materials can be used to construct a water tower.
b. The high mountains tower over the little town.
c. Piles were driven for a platform to support a tower crane.
3.7 Прочитай текст John Smeaton — the First Civil Engineer, письменно переведи:
John Smeaton first described himself as a civil engineer in 1768. In doing so, he identified a new profession that was distinct from that of the military engineers who, since ancient times, had undertaken the construction of all public infrastructure. Thus, at the time, civil engineering encompassed all non-military engineering. Although in 1847, after a frenzy of railway construction, mechanical engineering bifurcated from civil engineering as an independent discipline.
An innovative and intelligent man, Smeaton remains one of the most revered professionals of engineering and is regarded as the father of the civil engineering profession.
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The son of a Yorkshire lawyer, John Smeaton was born in 1724, in Austhorpe, Leeds, UK. Before his 16th birthday, while still at school, his talent for engineering and use of mechanical tools possessed him to assemble a tuming-lathe. Smeaton proceeded to become an instrument-maker. His research into windmills, watermills and other sources of power resulted, in 1754, in a systematic set of scientific experiments that made it clear that an overshot waterwheel is more efficient than an undershot wheel.
In 1756 the President of the Royal Society famously charged Smeaton with the construction of the Eddystone Lighthouse, a structure required to warn ships away from the Eddystone rocks, 14 miles southwest of Plymouth. Smeaton’s design, which remains a symbol of the profession, was completed in 1759 and lasted until 1881.
Smeaton’s industry resulted in two developments that made an important contribution to the success of the Eddystone Lighthouse. First, he used a new kind of interlocking stone construction, and second, he developed a water-resistant (hydraulic) mortar to bind the blocks together by mixing blue lime and pozzolanic material from Italy. Smeaton’s observation that the best hydraulic cements were those made from limestone containing certain proportions of clayey material are regarded as the starting point of the modern engineering use of cement and concrete.
Today Smeaton remains one of civil engineering heavyweights — the breadth and depth of his influence are phenomenal. In his career, Smeaton designed the first successful Eddystone Lighthouse, greatly improved on Newcomen’s steam engine, and designed windmills, watermills, canals and bridges.
John Smeaton died on the 28 October, 1792.
His enduring legacy is more than the engineering works, some of which remain as monuments to the great man himself. Not only is he widely regarded as the founder of the civil engineering profession, but his methods of construction site management and supervision are still in use today. John Smeaton clearly understood that managing people correctly was as important as design and construction.
It was Smeaton’s desire that practising professional engineers should dine together — so that they might get to know one another better and thereby avoid potential hostility that might arise in their public dealings — that spawned the formation of the Society of Civil Engineers in 1771.
While the Society remains as a social society today, it is true that the concept of co-operation in competition between engineers led to the founding of the Institution of Civil Engineers in 1818.
3.8 Ответь на вопросы:
1. Why is John Smeaton regarded as the father of the civil engineering profession?
2. What was John Smeaton’s research into power sources?
3. What was John Smeaton charged with by the President of the Royal Society?
4. What were John Smeaton’s developments in the field of the engineering use of cement and concrete?
5. Why is the depth of John Smeaton’s influence on civil engineering phenomenal?
6. Why did John Smeaton want practising professional engineers to dine together?
7. What led to the founding of the Intuition of Civil Engineers?
| THERE IS/THERE ARE |
Оборот there is / there are служит для выражения наличия (отсутствия) какого-либо предмета в определенном месте или в определенное время. Перевод предложения с таким оборотом нужно начинать с обстоятельства места, а если его нет, то со сказуемого.
Present Indefinite
There is a picture on the wall. На стене картина.
Is there a picture on the wall? На стене есть картина?
There are pictures on the wall. На стене картины.
Are there pictures on the wall? На стене есть картины?
Past Indefinite
There was a picture on the wall. На стене была картина.
Was there a picture on the wall? На стене была картина?
There were pictures on the wall. На стене были картины.
Were there pictures on the wall? На стене были картины?
There will be pictures on the wall. На стене будут картины.
Will there be pictures on the wall? На стене будут картины?
Выбор формы глагола to be зависит от числа существительного, следующего сразу за ним:
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There is a chair and two armchairs in the room.
There are two armchairs and a chair in the room.
Вопросительные предложения с оборотом there is / there are строятся следующим образом
Общий вопрос: Is there anything in the bag? Will there be lessons tomorrow?
Специальный вопрос: What is there in the bag?
Разделительный вопрос. There are some pupils in the classroom, aren’t there?
3.A Вставь to be в нужной форме:
1. There... over 4,000 tower blocks, homes for about 800,000 people. 2.... there the concrete roof of the new four-storey building last month? Yes, there... some. 3.... there... an opening of the notable bridge tomorrow? Yes, there.... 4. There... building designers who know all about stress. 5. There... heat which deforms plastics. 6. After the fire, all that there … was the burned-out shell of the building. 7. Some years ago … there metal structures of the building which assembled on the site? 8.... there an earthquake esterday which might move the arch and cause tensile forces in it? No, there... 9. There … the vault and the dome that were evolved in the East. 10.... there trusses to carry the ends of the beams? 11.... there a high-rise building as a building 35 meters or greater in height, which is divided into occupiable levels? No, there.... 12. Soon there... the entrance to the house on the south side.
3.B Поставь вопросы к следующим предложениям:
1. There are some servomechanisms. 2. There is no feedback principle. 3. There were many units of power. 4. There are many researches in electricity and thermodynamics. 5. There will be a conference next week. 6. There are some investigations of the heat emitted in an electrical circuit. 7. There was no conservation of energy. 8. There are law states that the amount of heat produced each second in a conductor. 9. There is the resistance of the conductor. 10. There are many independent methods. 11. There are many operations of modern refrigeration and air-conditioning systems. 12. There was much work last week.
3.C Напиши следующие предложения в прошедшем и будущем временах:
1. There is one of the first curves.
2. There are some deformations that are connected with the chemical composition and physical structure of engineering materials.
3. There is no straight beams in many structures.
4. There are many famous inventors and mechanical engineers.
5. There is little amount of heat.
6. There is the center piece of this large complex like a five-storey brick house with internally cast-iron columns and brick vaulting.
7. There is the new development which modifies an existing environment.
3.D Переведи на английский язык, употребляя неопределенные (или отрицательные) местоимения и их производные:
1. Есть кто-нибудь здесь?
2. В лаборатории никого нет.
3. В нашем офисе есть кто-нибудь?
4. В исследовательском центре кто-то есть.
5. В высотном здании есть кто-нибудь? — Там никого нет.
6. На крыше есть что-нибудь? — Нет, там ничего нет.
7. В башне что-то есть.
8. В этой книге есть что-нибудь о сетчатой оболочке?
9. В исследовании есть какие-нибудь ошибки? — Да, там есть несколько.
10. В офисе есть кто-нибудь? - Нет, там никого нет.
11. В нашей библиотеке есть какие-то книги на английском языке.
12. В вашей библиотеке есть какие-нибудь книги на английском языке по опорам и фермам?
13. Здесь нет никакого шарового свода.
14. Возьмите что-нибудь почитать для меня о новаторских разработках в строительстве.
3.E Вставь нужную форму глагола to be:
1. George Stephenson _ a British inventor and engineer.
2. He _ famous for building the first practical railway locomotive.
3. Stephenson _ born in 1781 in England.
4. The success of the Rocket _ the beginning of the construction of locomotives and the laying of railway lines.
5. _ Robert Stephenson a British civil engineer?
6. He _ educated in Newcastle and at the University of Edinburgh.
7. Four years later _ he appointed construction engineer of the Birmingham and London Railway?
8. _ James Watt a famous mathematical-instrument maker?
9. The steam engine _ used at that time to pump out water from mines.
10. Where... the steam admitted alternately into both ends of the cylinder? It... admitted in the double-action engine.
11. What... the basic concept of automation?
12. Watt _ known for his improvements of the steam engine.
13. The WATT, the unit of power, _ named in Watt’s honour.
14. James Prescott Joule, famous British physicist, _ born in 1818, in England.
15. Joule _ one of the most outstanding physicists of his time.
16. _ electric current proportional to the resistance of the conductor and to the square of the current?
17. The unit of energy, called the JOULE, _ named after him.
18. _ the JOULE equal to 1 watt-second.?
19. Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov _ a famous Russian writer, chemist and astronomer.
20. He _ an innovator in many fields.
21. _ most of his achievements unknown outside Russia?
22. Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleyev _ a famous Russian chemist.
23. He _ best known for his development of the periodic table of the properties of the chemical elements.
24. This table displays that elements’ properties _ changed periodically.
| MODULE4 | THE BUILDINGS |
4.1 Прочитай и письменно переведи текст BUILDINGS: FIRST IMPRESSIONS: Hampton Court Palace — дворец с парком на берегу реки Темзы близ Лондона, королевская резиденция до 1760 г.
What makes the look of British towns and cities distinctive? The most striking feature is the lack of blocks of flats. People prefer to live in individual houses — units with their own front doors and sometimes gardens. Perhaps this says something about the national character; a love of privacy and a lack of interest in the wider community. There is a proverb: “An Englishman’s home is his castle”. Whatever the deeper reasons for it, the result is that British towns and cities are full of two or three-storey houses. Only in the 1950s and -60s councils started building tall blocks of flats in the American style; but these have been very unpopular, and the cheaper ones are now being demolished.
Another distinctive feature of British buildings is the use of brick. Some of the oldest monuments, like Hampton Court Palace or Queens’ College, Cambridge, are made of brick. It remains the favourite material for new houses today. While the rest of the world prefers concrete, for some reason the British taste is for brick, at least in smaller buildings.
4.2 Ответь на вопросы:
1. What is the most striking feature of British towns and cities?
2. What does a British individual house look like?
3. How do you understand the English proverb: “An Englishman’s home is his castle”?
4. When did councils start building blocks of flats?
5. Are blocks of flats popular in Britain?
6. What is the favourite building material in Britain today?
4.3 Прочитай и письменно переведи текст SOME TRENDS IN THE HISTORY OF BUILDINGS:
Human shelters were at first very simple and perhaps lasted only a few days or months. Over time, however, even temporary structures evolved into such highly refined forms as the igloo. Gradually more durable structures began to appear, particularly after the advent of agriculture, when people began to stay in one place for long periods. The first shelters were dwellings, but later other functions, such as food storage and ceremony, were housed in separate buildings. Some structures began to have symbolic as well as functional value, marking the beginning of the distinction between architecture and building.
The history of building is marked by a number of trends. One is the increasing durability of the materials used. Early building materials were perishable, such as leaves, and branches. Later, more durable natural materials — such as clay, stone, and timber — and, finally, synthetic materials — such as brick, concrete, metals, and plastics — were used. Another is a quest for buildings of ever greater height and span; this was made possible by the development of stronger materials and by knowledge of how materials behave and how to exploit them to greater advantage. A third major trend involves the degree of control exercised over the interior environment of buildings: increasingly precise regulation of air temperature, light and sound levels, humidity, odours, air speed, and other factors that affect human comfort has been possible. Yet another trend is the change in energy available to the construction process, starting with human muscle power and developing toward the powerful machinery used today.
4.4 Заполни по прочтении текста:
| The first trend | |
| The second trend | |
| The third trend | |
| The fourth trend |
4.5 Прочитай, письменно переведи текст THE FATHER OF THE AMERICAN SKYSCRAPER:
William Le Baron Jenney (1832-1907) was an American civil engineer and architect who became known as the Father of the American skyscraper. Jenney was born in Fairhaven, Massachusetts on September 25, 1832. Jenney first began his formal education at the Lawrence Scientific school at Harvard in 1853, but transferred to Paris to get an education in engineering and architecture. He graduated in 1856, one year after his classmate, Gustave Eiffel, the designer of the Eiffel Tower. In 1861, he returned to the US to join the Union Army as an engineer in the Civil War. After the war, in 1867, Jenney moved to Chicago, Illinois and began his own architectural office, which specialized in commercial buildings and urban planning.
In 1998, Jenney was ranked number 89 in the book “1,000 Years, 1,000 People: Ranking the Men and Women Who Shaped the Millennium”. Jenney is best known for designing the ten- storey Home Insurance Building in Chicago. The building was the first fully metal-frame skyscraper, and is considered the first skyscraper. It was built from 1884 to 1885, enlarged in 1891, and demolished in 1931. In his designs, he used metal columns and beams, instead of stone and brick to support the building’s upper levels. The steel needed to support the Home Insurance Building weighed only one-third as much as a ten-storey building made of heavy masonry. Using this method, the weight of the building was reduced, thus allowing the possibility to construct even taller structures.
Later, he solved the problem of fireproof construction for tall buildings by using masonry, iron, and terracotta flooring and partitions. He displayed his system in the Leiter Building, also built in Chicago between the years 1889 and 1891.
4.6 Ответь на вопросы:
1. When and where was William Jenney born?
2. Where did he begin his formal education?
3. Why did he move to Paris?
4. Who was his classmate?
5. Where did William Jenney begin his own architectural office?
6. What building is Jenney most famous for?
7. What is the design of this building?
8. What method did he use to reduce the weight of the building?
9. How did he solve the problem of fireproof construction?
4.7 Прочитай, письменно переведи текст NIKOLAI V. NIKITIN:
Nikolai Vasilyevich Nikitin was a construction engineer and structural designer of the Soviet Union, best known for his monumental structures. Nikitin was born in Tobolsk, Siberia in 1907 to the family of a typographical engineer. In 1930, Nikitin graduated from the Tomsk Technological Institute with training in construction.
In 1932, he designed the train station of Novosibirsk. By 1937, he was living and working in Moscow. He turned his attention to calculations and design of foundations and supporting structures.
In 1957 he was appointed chief designer of Mosproekt Institute for the Planning of Housing and Civil Engineering Construction in the City of Moscow. Nikitin died on 3 March 1973.
His selected works are Moscow State University’s 240 m high main building (at the time of its construction it was the tallest building in Europe, built from 1949 to 1953); Luzhniki Stadium; colossal 85- meter statue on the Mamayev Kurgan heights overlooking Volgograd, “The Motherland Calls” and many others.
Among Nikitin’s works — the Ostankino Tower — has got the most fame. Standing 540 metres tall, it is a television and radio tower in Moscow. It is named after the Ostankino district of Moscow in which it is located. Its construction began in 1963 and was completed in 1967. The tower was the first free-standing structure to exceed 500 m in height. It surpassed the Empire State Building to become the tallest free-standing structure in the world. The Ostankino Tower has remained the tallest free-standing structure in Europe for 42 years.
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