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Poetic and highly literary words.
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Poetic words form a rather insignificant layer of the special literary voc. They’re mostly archaic or very rarely used. They’re usually used to produce an elevated effect. They have a marked tendency to detach themselves from the common literary word stock and gradually assume the quality of terms for poetic diction. Not all English poets make use of poetisms and poetical terms. In the history of English literature there were periods characterized by protests against the use of poetic words. The most common formation is by compounding. Sometimes poetic words and set expression make the utterance understandable only to a limited number of readers.
Archaic, obsolescent and absolute words.
The word stock o any lang is in an increasing state of changes. There’re 3 stages in the aging process of words.
1)obsolescent words become rarely used. They are in the stage of gradually passing out of general words. To this category first of all belong morpholgical forms typical of the early stages in the development of the language. (thou- thee- thy-thine are fors of you)
2)absolute words have already gone out of use but are still recognized by the English speaking community. (nay- no)
3) archaic proper words are no longer recognizable in modern lang. they were in the use in old English and have either dropped out of the lang entirely or have changed in their appearance so much that they have become unrecognizable. (alosel- a lazy fellow)
4) historical words. In diff periods of life in any society there were prominent events, customs and objects which are no longer in use. Such words that denote these ideas never disappear from the lang and have no synonyms.
5) Archaic words are primarily used in the creation of the realistic background to historical novels. AW can be found in the st of official docs. Their function there in terminological in character. They help to maintain the exactness of expression so necessary in this style. AW are sometimes used for the satirical purposes to create an elevated effect.
Barbarism. They bare the appearance of a borrowing and are held as something alien...It’s the science of linguistics the branch of etymology in particular that reveals a foreign nature of such words. B are words which have already become facts of Eng. they are heart and muscle of the engl word stock though they remain on the outskirts of the literary vocabulary. In printed words foreign words are generally italicized to indicate their alien nature or their st value. B on the contrary are not main conspicuous in the text unless they bare the special load of st information. They are foreign words in the engl voc which fulfill a term function. Such words as soviet, colhoz denote certain which an objective reality not familiar to engl speaking community. There are no names for them. So they have to be explained. B on the contrary may have almost exact synonyms.
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Phonetical and graphical st.d. Thus the phonemic structure of the word proves to be important for the creation of the expressive and emotive connotation in some sp types of sound instrumenting the leading role belongs to alliteration (the repetition of consonants) as in the beginning of words and assonance (repetition of similar vowels in stressed syllables). They both may produce the effect of euphonemy (a sense of ease, comfort in pronouncing the heading) or cacophony (a sense of strain and discomfort). To create additional into a prose discourse sound instrumenting is seldom used. In Mass Media creative prose sound is foregrounded mainly through the change of its accepted graphical representation. This intentional violation of the graphical shape of the word is used to reflect its authentic pronunciation and it’s called graphon. Grapon is a coincise but effective means of supplying into the speaker’s origin and background, physical and emotional condition. Graphon is very good at conveying the atmosphere of authentic life communication, some amalgamated force which are the result of very strong assimilation became clichés in prose, dialogue (gimme, gonna). Graphical changes may reflect not only the peculiarities of pronunciation but are also used to convey the intensity of the stress, emphasizing and foregrounding the stressed words. Sometimes rules are not violated when in italics and capitalization.
Neologisms and nonce words.
Ns are new words which name new notions. They’re neutral, very often terminological Ns (collider). Stylistic is interested in so-called st nonce words. They perform 2 important functions: they bring out some additional feature of a thing; they show one’s attitude to some events or persons (anti-novel, antiplay, anti-hero). They characterize new phenomena in literature. A prime ministres’s country, he’s a man with a mego bark in his pocket. Some nonce words are called occasionalisms. They’re situational Ns very emotional and expressive. The speaker produces them for one occasion by analogy with those word-building means that exist in the lang by affixation or convertion. Very often they’re compact, witty and convey the idea in the shortest way possible. (She was waiting for smth to happen or for everything to unhappen) (She was a young and unbeautiful woman).
Slang.
Some linguists when characterizing the most conspicuous feature of slang point out that it requires continuous innovation. It easily grows stale. If a slang word or phrase doesn’t become stale it’s replaced by a new slangism. It’s claimed that they satisfy –the natural desire for newly created words and expressions, which give to an utterance emotional colouring and a subjunctive evaluation. The term “slang” is widely used in English linguistic science. It’s used for such forms of the English voc which are either mispronounced or distorted in some way phonetically, morphologically or lexically. S is nothing but a derivation from the established norm of the level of the voc. According to some linguists there’re many kinds of slang: cockney, commercial, theatrical, military, parliamentary. Though it’s regarded by some purists as a lang that stands below standards. It’s highly praised nowadays as vivid, more flexible, more picturesque. Some scientists come to the idea that S is a universal term for any word which though not yet recognized as a fact of standard English has one general recognition as a fresh innovation, quite irrespective of its nature. There’s a tendency in some modern dictionaries to replace the label “slang” by informal, colloquial, such practiced clearly manifests the dissatisfaction of some lexicographers with the term “slang”.
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Professionalisms.
The words used in a definite trade or calling by people connected by common interests both at work and at home. Profs name new already existing concepts or tools. the main feature of profs is its technicality. Profs generally remain in circulation with a definite community. The semantic structure of the term is usually transparent and is easily understood. The semantic structure of a prof is often deemed by the image on which the meaning is based. Very often they are monosemantic (tin-fish - submarine). Some profs like terms become popular and gradually lose their prof flavor. Profs shouldn’t be mixed up with jargonisms because they’re not connected with secrecy, they fulfill a socially useful function in communication, facilitating quick and adequate grasp of the message. Profs are used in emotive prose to depict the natural speech of the character. The skillful use of prof words will show not only the vocation of the character but also his education, breeding, environment. It’s often used for speech characterization.
Colloquial words.
C coinages unlike those of literary and bookish character are spontaneous. Not all of the cs words are fixed in dictionaries. Most of them disappear from the lang having no trace in it. Unlike literary bookish coinages nonce words of a C nature are not usually built by means of affixes but are based on certain semantic changes. But mew literary coinages will always bear the brand of individual creation and will therefore have more or less precise semantic boundaries.
SEMINAR.
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