Главная | Обратная связь | Поможем написать вашу работу! Архитектура Биология География Искусство История Информатика Маркетинг Математика Медицина Менеджмент Охрана труда Политика Правоотношение Разное Социология Строительство Физика Философия Финансы Химия Экология Экономика Электроника Reveals the author’s attitude, when it is original (fresh). ⇐ ПредыдущаяСтр 12 из 21Следующая ⇒ Traditional simile: as thin as a rake; as fresh as a daisy; as drunk as a lord. Periphrasis is the use of a longer phrase with descriptive epithets instead of a short and simple form of expressing the same thought. Periphrasis is: a) Logical: The author of one’s being – father. b) Figurative: “ His studio is full of the mute evidences of his failure” – pictures. c) Euphemistic: “ He has the sun very strong in his eyes ” (being drunk). “ I am thinking an unmentionable thing about your mother” “(vulgar). It both names and describes the object, expressing the author’s attitude ironically, humorously and metaphorically. Climax (gradation) - an ascending series of words or utterances in which intensity or significance increases step by step. e.g. Every racing car, every racer, every mechanic, every ice - cream van was also plastered with advertising. Climax or gradation (Greek climax – “ladder”; Latin gradatio – “ascent, climbing up”) is a type of semantically complicated parallelism, in which every successive unit is logically more important or emotionally stronger or more explicit than the preceding one. Climax is based onthe usage ofhomogeneous members which are arranged in ascending or descending scale, reaching climax or the highest (the lowest) point of intensity or expressiveness: “ Walls – palaces – half – cities, have been reared”. “ He was numbed. He wanted to weep, to vomit, to die, to sink away”. ( A.B.)   Climax is marked by parallelism, enumeration and repetition.   “ The liar! The brute! The monster! (Emotive climax, ascending scale) “Not a word, Sam – not a syllable!” (D.) ( Descending scale) The first type of climax (the literary one) will be the following fragment: “and he PULLED! And the tail broke” whereas the second (the stylistic one) is much lengthier –“so he took off his plaid, and bent down and took hold of the sheep’s tail, and he pulled! The sheep was heavy with water, and he could not lift her, so he took off his coat and he pulled! But it was too much for him, so he spit on his hands, and took a good hold of the tail and he PULLED! And the tail broke! And if it had not been for that this tale would have been a great deal longer”. Leading to the climax (understood as a literary term), the latter shows how gradually the character’s involvement and excitement, as well as the tension of the narration, grow. It is worth while to note that this happens not infrequently in literary works on the whole and in short stories in particular. The climax (as gradation) is often a formal marker preceding the climax (as culmination). According to I.R.Galperin and V.A.Kukharenko a gradual increase in significance may be maintained in three ways: logical, emotional and quantitative. Study the table below: Table 11 Types of Climax	Logical	Every succeeding concept is logically more important than the previous one.
Emotional/ Emotive	A row of synonyms with emotive meaning (often contextual ones) gradually increase the emotional tension of the utterance.
Quantitative	An increase in the volume, size or number of each succeeding unit is implied.

Climax (gradation): Homogeneous members are arranged in ascending or descending scale, reaching climax or the highest (the lowest) point of intensity or expressiveness: “ Walls – palaces – half – cities, have been reared”. “ He was numbed. He wanted to weep, to vomit, to die, to sink away”. ( A.B.)

CONTRAST::RECURRENCE:

Antithesis,

Anticlimax

Litotes

1. Antithesis is a semantic opposition emphasized in similar structures, often involving 2 antonyms: Don’t use big words. They mean so little. (O.W.) Antithesis is a SD based on the author's desire to stress certain qualities of the thing by appointing it to another thing possessing antagonistic features. e.g. They speak like saints and act like devils.

 Antithesis: an opposition or contrast of ideas arranged structurally as parallel constructions: “ Youth is full of pleasance, age is full of care…”

       2.Anticlimax (bathos) represents climax suddenly interrupted by an unexpected turn of the thought that defeats expectations of the reader / listener and ends in complete semantic reversal of the emphasized idea. (V.A.Kukharenko); it involves adding one weaker element to one or several strong ones, mentioned before (Y.M.Skrebnev).

Anticlimax (bathos) is the reverse of climax or defeated expectancy:

He was unconsolable – for an afternoon. (G.)

This was appalling – and soon forgotten. (G.)

Anticlimax causes a humorous or ironic effect due to the sudden break in the accumulation of logical or emotional importance of the utterance. “Early rise and early to bed makes a male healthy and wealthy and dead” (T.Thurber)

Very close to bathos stands paradox, a stylistic device presenting a self-contradicting idea, which nonetheless seems true (in the words of Skrebnev, it is a “seemingly absurd though in fact well-founded statement”). The slogans from 1984 by George Orwell illustrate this.

In the framework of the Inner Party’s perverted logic there still is a certain sense in this nonsense: the less you know – the stronger you are, as you will be unable to commit thought crime; being a slave, you do not have to be responsible for decisions made, which is a true way to freedom; to avert the danger of an inner war the country must be exhausted by a continuous and fruitless war with equally omnipotent neighbours.

As many other stylistic devices, anticlimax also has a corresponding literary term, which names a similar phenomenon but on a larger scale. The one in question now is the effect of defeated expectancy, often met with in humorous, ironical and sarcastic stories.

3. Litotes - is a device - an affirmation is expressed by denying its contrary. Usually litotes presupposes double negation. One through a negative particle (no, not) the other - through a word with negative meaning. Its function is to convey doubts of the speaker concerning the exact characteristics of the object or a feeling.

e.g. It's not a bad thing - It's a good thing.

e.g. He is no coward. He is a brave man.

e.g. He was not without taste.

Seminar 5