Assignments for the classes of the History of the English Language

№ 1. Periodisation of the History of English (Расторгуева, с. 49 -55)

 

Periods	Subperiods	Date of the beginning of the period and corresponding historical event	Date of the end of the period and corresponding historical event	Linguistic situation
Old English
Middle English
New English

 

№ 2. (Расторгуева, с.24 -33)

	Proto-Indo-European languages

 

Old High German (… c)

dead languages

 

(7 c) dates of earliest records

language variety in synchrony

development of the language in diachrony

 

№3. Linguistic Features of PG compared with other groups of PIE family

( Расторгуева, с.34-48; Резник, с.21-30)

	Phenomena compared	Commonalities	Distinctive Features
PIE (except PG)	PG
I	Morphology
Parts of speech	1. Nouns	- inflectional system - grammatical categories of case, number, gender - morphological classification into declensions (not a grammatical category) depending on the stem suffix (основообразующий суффикс)	- 8 cases - dual number	PG reduced the number of cases to 4 (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative)
2. Adjectives	- inflectional system - grammatical categories of case, number, gender	adjective inflections were the same as the noun inflections	PG developed 2 distinct sets of inflections: for the strong and the weak declensions of the adjective
3. Pronouns	- grammatical categories of case, number, gender
4. Verbs	- inflectional system - strong verbs which showed their grammatical form (tense) by means of ablaut (change of the vowel of their root) - division into classes - grammatical categories of tense, number and person	more complicated verb inflectional system	- PG simplified the system of inflections: only 2 tenses of the verb (the Present and the Past / Preterite) - PG invented weak verbs which formed the past form by adding a dental suffix
II	Phonology
	1. Accent	great importance of accent	- great use of musical accent depending on musical pitch - the stress was free and movable (could fall on any syllable)	- the force (expiratory, breath, dynamic) stress using acoustic loudness became predominant - the stress was fixed on the 1st syllable, usually – the root of a word - weakening, reduction and loss of unstressed vowels
Phoneme-system	2. Consonants	the bulk was stable		the 1st consonant shift was followed by Verner’s law
3. Vowels	- the length of vowels was phonemic making 1 word different from another - ablaut – spontaneous and independent alteration – as a grammatical means		- strict differentiation, order and symmetry of long and short vowels - Umlaut (mutation) – positionally dependent alteration - appearance of diphthongs
III	Lexicology
	Vocabulary	- common words (roots) concerning natural phenomena, plants and animals, terms of kinship, basic activities of men, some pronouns and numerals - the same word-building means		- unique vocabulary items belonging to basic sphere of life: nature, sea, home life (house, land, drink, sea, wisdom) - PG borrowed many words from neighbouring people (the Celts, the Romans) to do with warfare and trade
IV	Alphabet		Latin alphabet (although oral communication)	runic script Futhark [‘fu: ark] (from the 1st letters of the earliest known alphabet)

№ 4. OE Alphabet (“Insular Writing”)

№	Letters	The names of the letters	Pronunciation	Position
1.	Þ θ	thorn (шип)	[ð]	Intervocally: Between a vowel and a sonorant:
			[θ]	In other cases:
2.	(w)	wynn (“joy”)	[w]	In all cases:
3.	c	cen (“torch”) > [se:]	[k’]	Before front vowels (e, e, i, y):
			[k]	In other cases:
4.		yogh (“yoke”)	[γ’]	Next to front vowels:
			[γ]	Between back vowels (a, o, u): After r
			[g]	Initially before back vowels: After consonants (except r)
			[j]	Initially before front vowels (e, e, i, y):
5.	ð (đ)	Crossed d	[ð]	Intervocally: Between a vowel and a sonorant:
			[θ]	In other cases:
6.	f	feoh (“cattle”) > [ef]	[v]	Intervocally: Between a vowel and a sonorant:
			[f]	In other cases:
7.	s	siZel (“sun”) > [es]	[z]	Intervocally: Between a vowel and a sonorant:
			[s]	In other cases:
8.	æ	æsc (“ash”)	[ e], [ e:]	Front vowel
9.	h	hæZl (“hail”) > [ha]	[x’]	After front vowels (e, e, i, y):
			[x]	After back vowels (a, o, u):
			[h]	Initially and in other cases:
10.	b	beorc (“birch”) > [be:]	[b]
11.	d	dæZ (“day”) > [di:]	[d]
12.	l	laZu (“sea”) > [el]	[l]
13.	m	man (“man”) > [em]	[m]
14.	n	nied (“necessity”) > [en]	[n]	In all positions except when followed by k or g
15.	p	peor (“?”) > [pi:]	[p]
16.	r	rād (“riding”) > [a:r]	[r]
17.	t	tiw (name of a god) > [ti:]	[t]
18.	x	eolh (“?”) > [eks]	[ks]
19.	a	ac (“oak”) > [a:]	[a], [a:]	Back vowel
20.	e	eoh (“horse”) > [e:]	[e], [ e:]	Front vowel
21.	i	is (“ice”) > [i:]	[i], [i:]	Front vowel
22.	o	ōs (“god”) > [o:]	[o], [o:]	Back vowel
23.	u	ur (“bison”) > [u:]	[u], [u:]	Back vowel
24.	y	yr (“bow”) > [ypsilon]	[u], [u:]	Front vowel

№ 5. Vowel System in OE

Number of phonemes	New vowels comparing to PG	Peculiarities of the vowel system	Oppositions within the system	Vowel changes
14 monophthongs (7 long, 7 short)   8 diphthongs (4 long, 4 short)	y, ỹ     ie, īe	- emergence of some new phonemes (y, ỹ, ie, īe) due to Mutation - the set of short diphthongs; - an exact parallelism between long and short vowels, both monophthongs and diphthongs; - the length of the vowels was phonemic (length differentiated between 2 words differing only in the length of the vowel); - all the diphthongs were falling with the 1st element stronger than the 2nd; - shortening of long final vowels, dropping of short final vowels; - under stress any vowel could be found, in an unstressed position there were no diphthongs of long monophthongs but only 5 short monophtongs (i, e, u, o, a)	- Monophth. – diphth. - Short monopth. – long monophth. - Short diphth. – long diphth. - front vowels (i, e, æ, y) – back vowels (a, o, u)	- Independent changes - I-Umlaut - Palatal Mutation - OE Breaking - Palatalization - Velar Mutation - Germanic Breaking - Compensative Lengthening

№ 6. Classification of OE consonants

( Расторгуева, с.90)

Place of articulation   Manner of articulation	Labial Labial - dental	Forelingual	Mediolingual (palatal)	Backlingual (velar)	Pharyngeal
Noise consonants	Plosive	short (voiceless – voiced)	p - b	t - d	k’	k - g
geminates (voiceless – voiced)	p: - b:	t: - d:	k’: - g’:	k: - g:
Fricative	short (voiceless – voiced)	f - v	θ – ð s – z	(j) x’ - γ’	x – γ	h
geminates (voiceless – voiced)	f:	θ: s:	x’:	x:
Sonorants	Short	m w	n r l	j	(h)
Geminates	m:	n:

 

№ 7. Consonant System in OE

 

Number of phonemes	New consonants comparing to PG	Peculiarities of the consonant system	Oppositions within the system	Consonant changes
16 phonemes	Geminates (long consonants)	- a set of geminates (long consonants) due to the process of germination (doubling) - phonemic opposition of short and long consonants - the absence of voice fricatives (ð, v, z), they were allophones of the voiceless fricatives (f, θ, s, x)	- noise consonants – sonorants; - Labial, Labial-dental Forelingual - Mediolingual (palatal) - Backlingual (velar) - Pharyngeal - plosives – fricatives - short – geminates - voiced – voiceless	- Consonant Shift I (Grimm’s Law) - Consonant Shift II - Verner’s Law - Contraction - Loss of Nasal - Sonorants - Neutralization of Occlusives

№8. Independent and assimilative vowel changes in OE

123Следующая ⇒

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