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PIE and PG vowel correspondences

PIE	PG
о	а
ā	ō
е	i (e)
ē	ē
u	u (o)

Gth, OE and OHG vowel correspondences

Gth	OE	OHG
a	a, æ	a
ā	æ:, ō	ā
ē	æ:, ē	ā
ō	ō	uo
ī	ī	ī
ū	ū	ū
i	i	i
i, e	e	e
u	u	u
u, o	o	o
ai	ā	ei
ei	ī	ī
eu	ēo	iu
au	ēa	ō
iu	ēo, īo	io, iu

Diphthongization in OE

OE breaking	æ	ea
a	ea
e	eo
æ:	ēa
Palatalization	æ (æ:)	ea (ēa)
e (ē)	ie (īe)
a	ea
o	eo
Back (velar) mutation	æ	ea
e	eo
i	io

Mutation in OE

a, æ, o	e
ā	æ:
ō	ē
u, ū	y, ỹ
ea, eo	ie > y > i
ēa, ēo	īe > ỹ > ī

Contraction in OE

eh + a > ēo

ah + a > ēa

ōh +a > ō

Declension of Nouns in OE

	Case	a-stem (M)	a-stem (N)	ō –stem (F)	n-stem
Singular	N	stān (“stone”)	scēap (“sheep”)	wund (“wound”)	nama (M), #e (F,N)
G	stānes	scēapes	wunde	naman
D	stāne	scēape	wunde	naman
Ac	stān	scēap	wunde	naman

Plural	N	stānas	scēap	wunda	naman (M, F), #e (N)
G	stāna	scēapa	wunda	namena
D	stānum	scēapum	wundum	namum
Ac	stānas	scēap	wunda	naman

Strong declension of adjectives in OE

Case	M	N	F	Plural
N	hlūd (“loud”)	hlūd	hlūd	hlūde, hlūd, hlūda
G	hlūdes	hlūdes	hlūdre	hlūdra
D	hlūdum	hlūdum	hlūdre	hlūdum
Ac	hlūdne	hlūd	hlūde	hlūde, hlūd, hlūda
Ins	hlūde	hlūde	-	-

Declension of demonstrative pronouns

	That, those		This, these
Case	M	N	F	Plural	M	N	F	Plural
N	sē	Þæt	sēo	Þā	Þēs	Þis	Þēos	Þās
G	Þæs	Þæs	Þære	Þæra, Þāra	Þisses	Þisses	Þisse	Þissa
D	Þæm, Þām	Þæm, Þām	Þære	Þæm, Þām	Þissum	Þissum	Þisse	Þissum
Ac	Þone	Þæt	Þā	Þā	Þisne	Þis	Þās	Þās
Ins	Þỹ, Þon	Þỹ, Þon	Þære	Þỹ, Þæm, Þām	Þys	-	-	-

№ 13. Grammatical Categories of the Finite Verb in OE

	The categories	Categorial forms	The meaning	Form-building means
1.	Number
2.	Person
3.	Mood
4.	Tense
Without a status of a category
1.	Time-correlatiopn
2.	Aspect
3.	Voice

№ 14. Grammatical Categories of the Verbals in OE

The verbals	The categories	Categorial forms	The meaning	Form-building means
Infinitive	verbal categories
nominal categories
Participle	verbal categories
nominal categories

№ 15. Vowel changes in ME

OE short vowels	Corresponding ME vowels	OE long vowels	Corresponding ME vowels
Qualitative changes	Quantitative changes	Qualitative changes	Quantitative changes
i			i:
e			e:
æ			æ:
a			a:
o			o:
u			u:
y			y:
ea			ea:
eo (io)			eo: (io:)
ie			ie:

Vowel System in ME

Monophthongs:

Diphthongs:

№ 16. Vowel System in ME

Number of phonemes	Lost vowels	New vowels comparing to OE	Peculiarities of the vowel system	Oppositions within the system	Vowel changes
… monoph-thongs
… diphthongs

№ 17. Consonant System in ME

Number of phonemes	Lost consonants	New consonants comparing to OE	Peculiarities of the consonant system	Oppositions within the system	Consonant changes

№ 18. Classification of ME consonants

Place of articulation Manner of articulation	Labial, Labial - dental	Forelingual	Mediolingual (palatal)	Backlingual (velar)	Pharyngeal
Noise consonants	Plosives	voiceless
voiced
Affricates	voiceless
voiced
Fricatives	voiceless
voiced
Sonorants

№ 19. ME Alphabet

Consonants	Vowels
№	OE Letters	Pronun-ciation	ME Letters or digraphs	ME Phonemes	Letters or Digraphs
1.	Þ, ð, θ	[ð ]		[e]
		[ θ ]		[i]
2.	…(w)	[w]		[a]
3.	c	[k]		[o]
		[k’]> [tS]		[u]
4.	Z	[γ]> […]		[e:]
		[γ’]> […]		[F:]
		[g]		[i:]
		[j]		[a:]
5.	f	[f]		[o:]
		[v]		[O:]
6.	s	[s]		[u:]
		[z]		[ei]
7.	h	[h]		[ai]
		[x]		[oi]
		[x’]		[eu]
8.	b	[b]		[au]
9.	d	[d]		[ou]
10.	l	[l]
11.	m	[m]
12.	n	[n]
13.	p	[p]
14.	r	[r]
15.	t	[t]
16.	x	[ks]
17.	cw	[kw]
18.	cZ	[gg’] >[dZ]
19.	sc	[sk’] >[S]

Lost letters:

New letters:

№ 20. Development of Personal Pronouns (Расторгуева, с. 103, 231)

Singular	Plural
Case	OE	ME	NE	OE	ME	NE
N D Acc G	ic mē mec, mē mīn			wē ūs ūs, ūsic ūre
N D Acc G	Þū Þē Þē, Þēc Þīn			Zē ēow ēow, ēowic ēower
N D Acc G	hē him hine his			Nom. hīe, hī, hỹ, hēo Dative him, heom Acc. hīe, hī, hỹ, hēo Gen. hira, heora,hiera, hyra
N D Acc G	hēo, hīo hire, hiere hīe, hī, hỹ hire, hiere
N D Acc G	hit him hit his

Theories of development of OE hēo into ME she. (Резник, с. 155)

№ 21. Vowel System in NE

Number of phonemes	Lost vowels	New vowels comparing to ME	Peculiarities of the vowel system	Oppositions within the system	Vowel changes
… monoph-thongs
… diphthongs

№ 22. Consonant System in NE

Number of phonemes	Lost consonants	New consonants comparing to ME	Peculiarities of the consonant system	Oppositions within the system	Consonant changes

№ 23. Development of Nominal Grammatical Categories throughout the History of English

Gr. phenomena Parts of speech		Declension	Gender	Number	Case	Other gr. categories	New gr. phenomena
Period
1.	Noun	OE ME NE
2.	Personal pronoun	OE ME NE
3.	Demon-strative pronoun	OE ME NE
4.	Adjective	OE ME NE

№ 24. Development of Grammatical Categories of the Verb throughout the History of English

Forms of the Verb	Period	Nominal gr. categories	Verbal grammatical categories
Number	Person	Mood	Tense	Voice	Time-correla-tion	Aspect
Finite Verb	OE ME NE
Non-Finite Forms	Infinitive	OE ME NE
Part. I	OE ME NE
Gerund	ME NE

Content of the examination in the History of English (4^th year, I semester)

Sources:

A. Расторгуева Т.А. История английского языка. – М., 2005.

B. Reznik R.V., Sorokina T.S., Reznik I.V. A History of the English Language. – M., 2003.

C. Иванова И.П., Чахоян Л.П., Беляева Т.М. Практикум по истории английского языка. – С.-Пб., 2001.

D. Lectures (for all the themes).

Theory

1. The Indo-European languages. Classification. The origin of the Indo-Europeans and their language (D).

2. The earliest period of Germanic history. Proto-Germanic. (A, p.25 – 27).

Classification of Proto-Germanic (B, p. 17-21).

Linguistic features of Proto-Germanic languages. (A, p.34-40, 42-45, 46-48; B, p. 21-30).

Modern Germanic Languages (A, p. 24-25).

3. Chronological divisions in the history of English (A, p.49-55).

4. Old English: Germanic settlement of Britain (B, p.34-36).

5. Old English dialects. Linguistic situation (A, p.61-63; B, p.39-41).

6. Old English manuscripts and runic inscriptions (B, p.36-39, 43).

7. Old English alphabet and pronunciation (A, p.71-73; C, p.4-6).

8. OE phonetics. (A, p.75; B, p.44).

OE vowels: their origin and peculiarities of the system (B, p.78-79; A, p.84-85).

Independent and assimilative vowel changes in Old English (C, p.13-14, 17-22).

9. Old English consonant system: peculiarities, phonetic changes, origin of the phonemes (A, p.87-90; C, p.21-22).

10. Old English grammar: the nominal system (B, p.90; A, p.92-93, 45).

11. Old English noun: grammatical categories, morphological classification (A, p.93-96, C, p.26-30).

12. Old English adjective (A, p.105-108, B, p.101-103).

13. OE pronouns (A, p.102-104, B, p.99-101).

14. Old English verb: grammatical categories of the finite verb (A, p.109-112; B, p.109-110).

15. Old English verb: grammatical categories of the verbals (A, p.112-114).

16. Morphological classification of OE verbs (A, p.114-115; B, p.111-112).

Minor groups of verbs (A, p.122-124)

Practice

1) Transcribe the underlined words from the Old English text.

2) Give the etymological analysis of the words in bold type from the text.

3) Give the morphological analysis of the given words from the text.

Content of the examination in the History of English (4^th year, II semester)

Sources:

A. Расторгуева Т.А. История английского языка. – М., 2005.

B. Reznik R.V., Sorokina T.S., Reznik I.V. A History of the English Language. – M., 2003.

C. Lectures.

1. Historical and linguistic situation in the 11 – 15 cc.

Scandinavian invasions (A, p.150-151)

Norman conquest (A, p.151-154, $299)

ME dialects (A, p.154-155, 159)

2. Development of the national literary English language (15-19 cc)

Formation of the English national language (B, p. 53-56)

Emergence of the nation (B, p. 64-71)

3. Spelling changes in ME (A, p.184-187)

4. Vowel system in ME

Unstressed vowels (A, p.190-191)

Stressed vowels (quantitative and qualitative changes (A, p.192-197), diphthongs (A, p.198-200)

Peculiarities and oppositions within the system (C.)

5. Consonant system in ME.

Sibilants and affricates, fricatives, loss of consonants (A, p.209-213)

Peculiarities and oppositions within the system (C.)

6. Vowel system in NE

Great Vowel Shift, vocalization of [r] and other quantitative and qualitative changes (A, p.200-202, 204-207). Peculiarities and oppositions within the system (C.)

7. Consonant system in NE.

Sibilants and affricates, “Verner’s Law in NE” and other changes (A, p.210-214)

Peculiarities and oppositions within the system (C.)

8. The Noun (A, p.222-229, C.)

Decay of declensions. Grammatical categories (gender, case, number) in ME and NE in comparison with OE.

9. Personal Pronouns. (A, p.230-234, C.)

Lexical replacements. Categories of gender, case and number in OE, ME and NE. Possessive pronouns (absolute and conjoint forms).

10. Demonstrative Pronouns. (A, p.234-236, C.)

Categories of gender, case and number in OE, ME and NE. The article.

11. The adjective (A, p.237-240, C.)

Decay of declensions. Grammatical categories (gender, case, number, degrees of comparison) in ME and NE compared with OE.

12. Finite forms of the verb.

Categories of number, person, mood and tense in ME and NE compared with OE (A, p.241-245). Morphological classes (B, p. 159-163). Irregular verbs (B, p. 164-166). Development of the categories of voice, time-correlation and aspect (A, p.267-273).

13. Verbals.

The Infinitive, Part.I and Part.II in ME and NE in comparison with OE (A, p.245-247). Analytical forms (A, p.274-276). The Gerund (A, p.247-248).

14. Minor groups of verbs (A, p.256-259).

The history of the English Language Name: ……………………………… Group …

Lectures	Seminars
№	Date	Assignments	Fulfillment	№	Date	Assignments	Fulfillment
1.				1.
2.				2.
3.				3.
4.				4.
5.				5.
6.				6.
7.				7.
8.				8.

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