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Possessives with Parts of the Body
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The Pronoun
Personal pronouns
Vicky: Hello, Andrew. Have you seen Rachel? Andrew: I don't think so. No, I haven't seen her today.
Vicky: We 're supposed to be going out at half past seven, and it's nearly eight now.
Andrew: Maybe she's just forgotten. You know Rachel.
Vicky: We're going out for a meal. Matthew and Emma said they might come too. I hope they haven't gone without me.
I/me means the speaker, and you means the person spoken to. We/us means the speaker and someone else. Here, we = Vicky and Rachel. He/him means a male person and she/her a female person. Here, she = Rachel. It means a thing, an action, a situation or an idea. Here, it = the time. They/them is the plural of he, she and it and means people or things.
We can also use they/them for a person when we don't know if the person is male or female. If anyone calls, ask them to leave a message.
| Subject | Object |
| Sing. Pl. | Sing. Pl. |
| I We | Me Us |
| You You | You You |
| He/She/It They | Him/Her/ItThem |
- We use the subject form (I, etc) when the pronoun is the subject and there is a verb.
I don't think so. Maybe she's just forgotten.
- We use the object form (me, etc) when the pronoun is the object of a verb or preposition.
I haven't seen her today. I hope they haven't gone without me.
It
- To identify a person: Who’s that over there? – It’s our new manager. (on the phone) Hello. It’s Allan Williams.
- To refer to “ Nothing, everything, all”: Nothing happened, did it? I did all I could, but it wasn’t enough.
- ‘empty’ subject: It’s ten o’clock. It’s Monday again. It’s 30 degrees.
Us (me)
- In very informal British speech, us is quite often used instead of me.: Give us a kiss, love.
You, one and they
We can use you or one to mean 'any person' or 'people in general', including the speaker.
You shouldn't believe what you read in the newspapers. or One shouldn't believe what one reads in the newspapers.
You don't like/One doesn't like to have an argument in public.
You is normal in conversation. One is more formal.
We can use they for other people in general.
They say too much sugar is bad for you. We can also use it for people in authority.
They're going to build a new swimming-pool here.
They is informal and conversational. We use the passive in more formal situations.
A new swimming-pool is going to be built here.
Exercises
| I.Complete the sentences with suitable personal pronouns. 1. The windows are not open. ______ are closed. 2. Where are the pencils? _____ are on the desk. 3. Look at the chair. Where is ____? 4. The book is not on the table. ___ is on the floor. 5. The teacher is not near the window. ____ is near the board. 6. John and Mary, what are ____ doing? 7. Where is Ann? ____ is at the door. | II. II. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the personal pronoun. 1. I am sitting at the desk. Mary is sitting with ____. 2. You are going to school. I’m going with ____ 3. Jim is reading. The book is in front of _____. 4. Nick has no book. Give ____ to ____. 5. Mary is playing. Pete is playing with ____. 6. The pencil is not on the desk. I’m playing with ____. 7. I see two books on the desk. Give ______ to me, please. 8. Mary and Ann are in front of the board. The board is behind ____. | ||
| III. Substitute the underlined words by suitable pronouns. 1. Put the pencils in the box. 2. John is telling Mary a story. 3. The book is on the shelf. 4. The red book and the green book are on the desk. 5. This book is for Mary and me. 6. The teacher and the children are in the classroom. 7. I want to finish the book. | IV. Use the correct form of the pronoun. 1. These books are for you and (I, me). 2. My uncle asked my sister and (I, me) to dinner. 3. They visited (we, us). 4. Can you give (she, her) the money? 5. (We, us) all went with (they, them). 6. She told (I, me) an interesting story. 7. Jack and (we, us) will go out for a walk. 8. He told Ann and (I, me) to go with (he, him). IV. | ||
| Note: Let + pronouns: Let him/her/them …+V Let him do it now. Let them do it by themselves. Let her revise the rule. (приказание, просьба) | Let us (let’s) Let’s do it now. Let me… Let me help you Let me/us… go Let me go. Let my hand go. Let us – приглашение к совместному действию Let me – желание произвести действие | ||
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| V.Use the pronoun in brackets in the correct form. 1. Let (we)……… listen to what he says. 2. Let (he)………. read out the text aloud. 3. Let (we)………. turn off the television. | 4. Let (I)………… switch on the light. 5. Let (we)……….send them a telegram. 6. Let (she) ………help her friends. |
Note:
1) It is I (me).
You are stronger than they (them)
She is as tall as he (him). She is as tall as him
– в разговорном языке предпочтение отдается форме объектного падежа.
2) He likes Mary more than I (like her). He likes Mary more than (he likes) me
3) It’s a secret between you and me.
| V.Choose the right form of the pronoun. 1.I know that it was (she, her). 2.Nick is as old as (I, me). 3.I must call his wife or (he, him). 4.Give the book to Tom and (I, me). 5.Ann, Nick and (I, me) can come tomorrow. | 6.He is known to my brother and (I, me). 7.You spend more money than (I, me). 8.Who is there? – It’s (he(him). 9.That is strictly between you and (I, me). 10. He is as good as (she, her). 11. Can you meet Mary and (he, him) tomorrow? | |
| VI.The pronoun ONE. Translate the sentences paying attention to ONE. 1. One must always keep one’s word……………………………………………………………………………………………… 2. One should never bathe after one has eaten…………………………………………………………………………………….. 3. One never knows what is going to happen……………………………………………………………………………………… 4. One never knows what his answer may be……………………………………………………………………………………… 5. One doesn’t like one’s word to be doubted……………………………………………………………………………………... 6. One can find different exercises in this book…………………………………………………………………………………… 7. One must do one’s duty…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 8. One should take care of one’s health……………………………………………………………………………………………. 9. One can’t always get what one wants…………………………………………………………………………………………… 10.One should always treat animals with kindness………………………………………………………………………………… |
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Possessive pronouns
| Personal forms | Possessive dependent(присоединяемая) | Possessive absolute |
| I | my | mine |
| he | his | his |
| she | her | hers |
| it | its | ---- |
| you | your | yours |
| we | our | ours |
| they | their | theirs |
Dependent possessives: My room… His father… Her book… Its tail, etc.
Absolute possessives:
1) That coat is mine. Which car is yours? 2) Can I borrow your keys? I can’t find mine. (my keys)
3) This is yours, and that is hers. (situation)
Whose car is this? – It’s mine (It’s my car). Whose books are these? – His. (They/these are his books).
He is my friend. (at least one friend) He is a friend of mine. (one of the friends I have)
How’s that brother of yours? He is a cousin of the Queen’s. She is a friend of my mother’s. Have you heard this new idea of the boss’s. My work is no business of yours.
Note: I don’t like that friend of yours. (emotional, negative – не нравится мне этот ваш друг)
Where is this friend of yours? (emotional, positive)
Possessives with Parts of the Body
normally used with parts of the body and clothes:
Emma shook her head sadly. You must take off your shoes before you enter a mosque (мечеть).
in prepositional phrases THE is used: when we speak about pains, blows and other things that happen to parts of the body:
Someone grabbed me by the arm. The stone hit Mike on the head. She’s got a pain in the shoulder.
Note: Possessives are more frequent in English than in Russian, especially when identifying parts of the body, clothes, relatives and personal belongings. In such cases they are either not translated into Russian or translated with the help of the word “свой”.
I brought my book (Я принес свою книгу). He brought his book. (Он принес свою книгу).
Cf. Ann cut her finger. (Анна порезала палец). Breathe through your nose. (Дышите через нос)
Possessives + OWN: when we say that something belongs to us:
Rachel has got her own calculator. She doesn’t borrow mine. I don’t share any more. I’ve got a flat of my own.
| I.Translate the sentences into Russian. I have had my hair cut. ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. The boy put up his hand. ………………………………………………………………………………………………… Take a deep breath through your nose…………………………………………………………………………………… We passed our examinations. …………………………………………………………………………………………… She combed her hair. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. We usually put salt on our food. ………………………………………………………………………………………… He always keeps his promises……..…………………………………………………………………………………….. I lost my umbrella. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. I looked at his son. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. Have you any sugar in your tea? ………………………………………………………………………………………… | |
| II. Put in my, his, her, its, our, your, their. Ann is Nick’s friend. She is ____ friend, too. I wear gloves on ____ hands. Put ____ notebooks on the teacher’s desk. Mary helps ___ mother. This is not Ann’s pencil.. ___ pencil is blue. The pupils are in the classroom. ____ coats and bags are there. He has a spot on ____ hat. I’m looking at the boy. I can see _____ cap. The mouse came out of ____ hole. | III.Inset the missing pronouns. Model: My pen won’t write. – My pen won’t write. Will you lend me yours? Please lend me a book. I left ___________ at home. Tell him not to forget his bag. She mustn’t forget _____. Our house is older than ____ but it is better. It’s not your sister’s pen. ____ is blue. Your holidays are finished but ____ are not. Will you lend me your knife? I left ____ at home. Have you had your tea? We’ve already had _____. The parcel in your hand is _____. So give it to them. |
| IV. Paraphrase according to the model. Model: His name and my name. - His name and mine. Your book and her book. …………………………………... Our friend and your friend. ………………………………… Her brother and my brother. ………………………………. His flat and your flat. ……………………………………… Your coat and his coat. ……………………………………. Your letter and her letter. ………………………………… Their house and my house………………………………… VI.Complete the sentences using absolute forms of pronouns. Model: The dog belongs to us. The dog is ours. The book belongs to her. …………………………………… The house belongs to them. ………………………………... The pencil belongs to him. …………………………………. The shoes belong to me. ……………………………………. This bicycle belongs to you. ……………………………….. These coats belong to us. …………………………………... These bags belong to them. ………………………………… | V. Paraphrase using absolute possessives. Model: That is her pencil. – That pencil is hers. This is my picture. ………………………………………….. That is their garden. ………………………………………... Those are his brothers. ……………………………………... This is our classroom……………………………………….. That is your school. ………………………………………… Is this your bag? ……………………………………………. These are his sisters. ……………………………………….. VII.Complete the sentences using absolute possessives. Model: Their mother is older than …. Their mother is older than ours. My brother is younger than ….………………………………. … My hat is more beautiful than ….. …………………………….. My chair is bigger than …..…………………………………….. His book is cheaper than ….. ………………………………….. Her room is smaller than ….. …………………………………… Your apple trees are better than …... …………………………... Their garden is not as big as ……………………………………. My father is stronger than … ………………………………….. |
| VIII. Its or It’s. Put in the correct form. Unfortunately, the town has lost ____ only cinema. The meeting won’t last long. I’ll see you when ____ over. You should return the book to ____ owner immediately. We’d like to go out for a walk, but ____ raining. I’m not buying this tablecloth because ____ got a hole in it. The board has decided that Zedco needs to improve ___ image. | IX. Parts of the body and clothes. Put in possessives or THE. I was doing keep-fit exercises when I fell down and hurt ___ leg. Matthew served, and the ball hit Daniel on ___ knee. A wasp stung me on ___ neck. It really hurt. The mother put both ___ arms around the child. Aunt Joan kissed Emma on ___ cheek. The fans were all shouting at the top of ___ voices. Don’t just stand there with ____ hands in ____ pockets. |
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Reflexive and Emphatic Pronouns
| Personal | Reflexive/Emphatic |
| I He She It We You They | My self Himself Herself Itself Our selves Yourself/yourselves (sing/pl) Themselves |
I. Mark made himself a sandwich. Vicky had to force herself to eat. The children locked themselves out.
(Reflexive pronouns refer to the subject, the doer of the action)
Compare: When the policeman came in, the gunman shot him. (the policeman).
When the policeman came in, the gunman shot himself. (the gunman).
II. I built this house myself. Are you doing all the painting yourselves?
She saw the Queen herself? (who ‘herself’, the Queen or she?). She herself saw the Queen.
III. Reflexivity in Russian and English is not identical:
Как Вы себя чувствуете? How do you feel? (no reflexive)
I washed, dressed, shaved and had breakfast. Please concentrate on your homework. The children hid behind a tree.
Remember! Wash, (un)dress, shave, hide, feel, concentrate, meet, relax, decide, complain, approach, wake up, worry, wonder, change, remember, adapt, sit down, move, get up, lie down, etc. I’ll go and change.
IV. My friend is disabled, she can’t dress herself. The old woman is so frail that she can’t wash herself.
V. Idioms with reflexive pronouns:
He made a pig of himself at dinner. (Pigs to you – А вот фиг вам!). Speak for yourself! (говори за себя). We really enjoyed ourselves. (had a good time) Behave yourselves, children! (Behave well) Just help yourselves to sandwiches, won’t you? (Take as many as you want) Please make yourself at home. (behave as if this was your home). She lives all by herself (alone, without help). I don’t want to be left here by myself (on my own, alone). Did you do it by yourself?
VI. After prepositions of place or position personal pronouns are mostly used:
1) She looked at herself in the mirror. 2) In the mirror I saw a lorry behind me. He had no money with him.
| I.Read and translate the sentences. 1. I will go there myself. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2. The girl bought it herself. ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3. He cooked himself a good meal. ………………………………………………………………………………………… 4. The boy was very pleased with himself. ………………………………………………………………………………… 5. The town itself is not very large. ………………………………………………………………………………………… 6. She spoke to the pupils themselves. …………………………………………………………………………………….. 7. Did she do the work by herself? ………………………………………………………………………………………… 8. I myself will speak to him. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 9. You yourself saw what happened. ………………………………………………………………………………………. | |
| II.Put in reflexive pronouns into the blanks. 1. We found _____________in a difficult situation. 2. You express _______________ very clearly. 3. She bought ___________ a new dress. 4. We boiled ___________ some eggs. 5. He is drawing ___________ on the chalk board. 6. The dog saw __________ in the mirror. 7. Ann and Mary lost _________________ in the forest. 8. It’s time you bought _________ a new coat. 9. I cut _________ when I was sharpening the pencil. 10. There are plenty of apples, boys. Help __________. 11. The guests helped ___________ to the cake. 12. I’m glad you’ve come. Make ___________ at home. 13. Speak for _________________. 14. They ought to be ashamed of ___________. | III.Put in emphatic pronouns. 1. He __________ could not come. 2. Give it to the girl ______________. 3. You don’t believe the story ____________. 4. I shall do the job __________. 5. Why don’t you go there ___________? 6. She made that dress ____________. 7. We make all our clothes ______________. 8. The teacher _ __________gave it to me. 9. I ____________ went to the door. 10. The Minister ____________ signed the letter. 11. Did you see Mr. Pink _________________? 12. If you want your work done well, do it ___________. 13. The children ____________ prepared the dinner. 14. We _______________ must speak to them. |
| IV.Put in the correct reflexive or emphatic pronouns. The two boys hurt _______________. The door opens __________. You must play by __________today, your friends are away. The girls looked at ________ in the mirror. When we _________ heard the noise, we were frightened. Did you make the cake _____________? Jack seated _____________ at his desk to make a plan. The cat licks __________ with its tongue. The road went around and crossed ______________. | V.Put in the correct pronoun (e.g. me or myself) We looked up and saw a strange animal in front of ______. Don’t tell us the answer to the puzzle. We can work it out for ____________. It’s a pity you didn’t bring your camera with ___________. Mark talked to the woman sitting next to ______________. The old man is no longer able to look after _____________. My mother likes to have all her family near ____________. To be successful in life, you must believe in ___________. |
VI. Idioms with and without reflexive pronouns
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Rachel and Vicky are at Mike and Harriet's party. Complete the conversation.
Put in the verbs with or without a reflexive pronoun.
Mike: Have you two (►) met (met) before?
Rachel: Yes, we have. Vicky and I are old friends.
Mike: Oh, right. Well, I hope you (►) enjoy yourselves (enjoy) tonight.
Rachel: I'm sure we will. I (1) ………………………………..(feel) just in the mood for a party.
Mike: Well, please (2) ………………………………………………………(help) to a drink. Are you OK, Vicky?
Vicky: Sorry, I've got this awful feeling that I have to do something very important, and I can't (3)…………………… (remember) what it is.
Rachel: Vicky, you (4) …………………………(worry) too much. Come on, just (5) ………………………(relax).
VII. Put in emphatic pronouns.
1. Of course I know about Matthew and Emma. You told me _____________.
2. The princess ___________ visited the children in hospital.
3. The song ________________ wasn’t very good, but the title of the song became a popular phrase.
4. The visitors were welcomed to the school by the headmaster _______________.
5. The pilots ___________ are nervous of flying because of terrorist threats.
6.You all know than no one can take your decisions for you. You ___________ will have to decide.
Indefinite Pronouns
| some | any |
| 1. in affirmative sentences: There are some children at the front door. There is some milk left in the fridge. 2. In questions which expect or encourage the answer ‘Yes’: Do you mind if I put some music on? 3. In general and special questions containing offers and requests. Would you like some coffee? (offer) Where could I get some bread? (request) 4.special meaning: некоторый, немногий I don’t know some of his friends. (некоторых, не всех) I don’t know any of his friends (никого из его друзей) Pronunciation: - unstressed: used attributively: some books, some water, some people, etc. - stressed: before OF, final, before a numeral: some of them, give me some, some 4 thousand | 1. in questions (about presence or absence of smth or smb.): Are there any students in the room? Is there any milk left? 2. In negative sentences (about the absence of smth or smb.) There aren’t any students there. There isn’t any milk there. 3. in IF-clauses: Correct the mistakes, if there are any. 4. In affirmative sentences: a) after words that have negative or limiting meaning: You never give me any help. There’s hardly any tea left. We got there without any trouble. There is little point in doing any work now. I forgot to get any bread. b) in the meaning of любой: Come any time. You can borrow any book you like. |
Derivatives
| Somebody/someone – animate.-There’s somebody at the door Something – inanimate. - There’s something on the floor. Somewhere - He lives somewhere here. Somebody – more conversational Someone – more formal can be followed by an adjective or adverbial expressions: He hopes he marries somebody nice. She’s going to meet somebody in the Ministry. Somehow: Somehow he managed to do it. Somebody/someone/anybody/anyone/nobody/no one + THEY, THEM, THEIR: If anybody wants a ticket for the concert, they can get it from my office. Nobody phoned, did they? There’s somebody at the door. Tell t hem I’m, busy. | Anybody/anyone Did anyone phone? Anything: I can’t see anything. Anywhere: I don’t have to go anywhere today. |
I. Insert some or any, making appropriate compounds if necessary.
1) There’s __________ milk in that jug. 2) She wanted _________ stamps but there weren’t ________ in the machine.
3) I’m afraid there isn’t __________ coffee left; will you grind ________? 4) Is there ______one here who speaks Italian? 5) I’d like to buy_________ new clothes but I haven’t ___________ money. 6) There’s _______ gin in the cupboard but there aren’t________ glasses. 7) They can’t have ________ more strawberries. I need ______ to make jam. 8) _______ one I know told me ________ of the details. 9) Have you ________ idea who could have borrowed your bicycle? 10) I saw hardly ________one I knew at the party, and I didn’t get ________thing to drink. 11) When would you like to come? - ________ day will suit me. 12) Are there ________ letters for me? 13) Don’t let ______ one in. I’m too busy to see ____ body. 14) ________things tells me you’ve got ________ bad news for me. 15) I can’t see my glasses ______where. 16) We didn’t think he’d succeed but he managed _________how. 17) You’re looking very miserable; has _________thing upset you? 18) If you had _________ sense you wouldn’t leave your car unlocked. 19) Scarcely _________one was wearing a dinner jacket. 20) _________ one who believes what Jack says is a fool. 21) She put her handbag down ____________ where and now she can’t find it. 22) Will you have _______ pudding or _______ fruit? 23) Haven’t you got __________ friends in Rome? I feel sure you mentioned them once. 24) Haven’t you got _________ friends here? You should join a club and get to know people. 25) I see you haven’t _______ maps. Would you like to borrow ______ of mine? 26) ________ one can tell you how to get there (Everyone knows the way) 27) Come and have supper with us if you aren’t doing ___________thing tonight. 28) I _________ how imagined the house would be much larger. 29) All the salaries are being paid much later now; it’s ___________ thing to do with the computer. 30) He lives ___________where in France now. 31) You can’t expect just _________ student to solve the problem. It requires a mathematician. 32) He’s not very well-known here but he’s _________one (an important person) in his own country. 33) Where shall we sit? - Oh, __________where will do. 34) Is there ________one moving about downstairs? I heard ___________thing falling. 35) Is there ___________one living in that house? It looks deserted. 36) Would you like ____________thing to drink? There’s ____________ very good beer in the fridge.
II. Complete the sentences with SOME or ANY plus their derivatives.
I was too surprised to say __________________. 2. There’s ________________ at the door. Can you go and see who it is? 3. Does ______________________ mind if I open the window? 4. I wasn’t feeling hungry, so I didn’t eat _________________. 5. You must be hungry. Would you like ______________ to eat? 6. Quick, let’s go. There’s _____________ coming and I don’t want ____________________ to see us. 7. Sally was upset about ______________ and refused to talk to ___________________. 8. This machine is very easy to use. ___________________ can learn to use it in a very short time. 9. There was hardly _____________________ on the beach. It was almost deserted. 10. Do you live __________________ near Jim? – No, he lives in another part of the town. 11. We slept in the park because we didn’t have __________________ to stay. 12. Where shall we go on holiday? – Let’s go _________________ warm and sunny. 13. They stay at home all the time. They never seem to go ___________________. 14. I’m going out now. If ___________________ phones while I’m out, can you tell them I’ll be back at 11.30. 15. Why are you looking under the bed? Have you lost _______________________? 16. ________________________who saw the accident, should contact the police. 17. Sue is very secretive. She never tells ______________________________________(2 words)
III. Complete the sentences with ANY, ANYBODY, ANYTHING, ANYWHERE
Which bus do I have to take? _____________________ bus. They all go to the centre. 2) Which day shall I come? I don’t mind.______________________. 3) What do you want to eat? __________________, I don’t mind. Whatever you have. 4) Where shall I sit? – It’s up to you. You can sit _______________________you like. 5) What sort of job are you looking for? ___________________, it doesn’t matter. 6) What time shall I phone tomorrow? ____________________, I’ll be in all day. 7) Who shall I invite to the party? – I don’t mind. ___________________ you like. 8) Which newspaper shall I buy? ____________________________. Whatever they have in the shop.
Negative pronouns
No, none, nothing, no one/ nobody
1. We use no + noun. (sing. or pl.). No = not a, not any.
E.g. We had to walk home because there was no bus. (= there was n’t a bus)
I’m afraid I have got no money. (I have n’t got any money).
2. None of - before a determiner (the, my, this) - None of the shops were (informal) /was (formal) closed.
- before a pronoun - None of my friends will be at the party.
- on its own.. How much money have you got? – None. (= no money)
- Neither of my parents could be there. (two people or things) Not None of my parents
3. After Nobody= no one you can use they/them/their. No one wished her a happy holiday Not No one of my friends...
No one in the classroom did their homework (= his or her homework)
I saw nobody/no one there. = I didn’t see anybody/anyone there. Who are you speaking to? – Nobody/no one.
4. Nothing.
I saw nothing there. = I didn ’t see anything there. What are you doing? – Nothing.
Remember!
Who said it? – No one/Nobody. What did you do? – Nothing.
How many books did you buy? – None. How much did you pay? – None.
Use none, nobody, nothing as short answers.
What is there in the bag? __________________.Who is there in the room? __________________.
How many were present? ________________How many of you know this poem by heart? ___________________.
How much sugar is left? __________________.Who knows the poem by heart? __________________.
What did she say about it? __________________.How many of them were there? ________________.
Who was present? ___________________.What is there in the cup? _________________.
Change the sentences into negative statements using none, nobody, nothing where suitable.
1. Many teachers were present in the hall. – None of the …..
2. Many of us know this song………………………………………………………………….
3. Many of us have seen that film……………………………………………………………..
4. Everybody knows about it………………………………………………………………….
5. We’ve bought much…………………………………………………………………………
6. Some of my friends collect stamps………………………………………………………….
Use no, nobody, none or nothing.
________________ asked you to come. _________________ of you are my friends. I saw _____________ strange when I arrived. Yes, I have ________________ bananas. __________________knows the trouble I’ve seen. There’s ___________________ more to say. You have __________________ money and I have ______________________.
Definite pronouns (each, every, all, either, both, other, another, every-body, - thing)
| All | Both | Either | Neither |
| 1) generalising pronoun, can be used as: - subject: All is well that ends well. - predicative: That is all. - object: I forgot all about it. - attribute: If al l the doors are closed. All my friends/all of my friends… All the flowers/all of the flowers… All of us/them/you… + are… All of us were present. All the flowers in this garden are beautiful. ALL – WHOLE: Both can be used with singular nouns to mean ‘complete’, “every part of”: Julie spent the whole week at home/Julie spent all (of) the week at home. My whole life…All (of) my life… All is not normally used before the indefinite article: She’s eaten a wholeloaf. With uncountable nouns ALL is preferred: I’ve drunk all the milk. With plural nouns ALL and WHOLE have different meanings: All (все) Indian tribes (=every Indian tribe) suffered from white settlement in America. Whole (целые) Indian tribes (=complete tribes) were killed off. Instead of WHOLE the WHOLE OF can be used: Julie spent the whole of the summer/the whole summer at home. I’ve just read the whole of ‘ War and Peace’ (all of ‘War and Peace’) | Two things, persons, notions, etc. ('the one and the other') - subject: Both seemed very happy. - object: I talked to both of them. - Indirect prepositional object: - I paid for the both of them. Remember! Both (of) the restaurants are good. Both (of) these restaurants. Both (of) my parents… I couldn’t decide which of the 2 shirts to buy. I like both (both of them). auxiliary verb + both am/are/is/was/were + both We can both swim. Those apples were both bad. both + other verb They both liked the flowers. They have both been invited. Both of the children have gone to bed. She’s both pretty and clever. (adj.) I spoke to both the Director and her secretary. (nouns) She both dances and sings. (verbs) | - Used with a singular noun to mean ‘the one or the other’ Come on Tuesday or Thursday. Either day is OK. - can mean ‘each’: There are roses on either side (=each) of the door. Remember! Either side… Either of us/you/them/my children (2 persons are meant). Would you like tea or coffee? –I don’t mind. Either. Either… or…(2 or more possibilities): You can have either tea or coffee. I don’t speak either French or German. (used in positive or negative contexts). If you want ice-cream, you can have either coffee, lemon or vanilla (3 choices). Either of the children is quite capable of looking after the baby. I don’t think either of them is/are at home (are -informal) If either of the boys phones, tell him/them I’ll be in this evening. Either + noun/pronoun – the later pronoun can be singular (formal) or plural (informal) I can’t swim – I can’t either. | - Used of 2 things, persons, notions, etc. ('not the one and not the other'). - - Can you come on Monday or Tuesday? – I’m afraid neither day is possible. Neither restaurant is expensive. (Neither of the restaurant s is expensive). I asked 2 people the way to the station but neither of them knew. Which one do you want? – Neither. I can’t swim – Neither can I. Neither of the children wants/want to go to bed. Neither … nor… Neither Bob nor Liz came to the party. I neither smoke nor drink. |
All versus Whole
| All | Whole |
| Before proper nouns (names) and pronouns we always use the whole of, not whole. All (of) is also possible. The whole of/All of Venice was under water. I’ve just read the whole of/all of “War and Peace” 1. sing. nouns: She spent all (of) the week at home. 2. Uncount. nouns: I spent all the money (uncount), not “the whole money” | Whole=complete (полный, законченный, завершенный), entire (целый, единый) 1. sing. nouns: Did you read the whole book? (=all the book, not just a part of it). 2. the/my/her + whole: the whole book/ all the book, her whole life/ all her life - She spent the whole week at home. - my whole life – all (of) my life 3. a whole.. He ate a whole chicken (not all a chicken) |
I. Complete the sentences using BOTH, EITHER, NEITHER.
1) Do you want tea or coffee? …Either…. I really don’t mind.
2) What day is it today?- the 18th or the 19th? __________. It is the 20th.
3) There are two sandwiches here. Do you mind which I take? No, take ____________.
4) Where did you go for your holidays? – Scotland or Ireland? – We went to ___________________. A week in Scotland and a week in Ireland.
5) When shall I phone you, morning or afternoon? - ________________________ I’ll be in all day.
6) Where’s Kate? Is she at work or at home? - __________________________. She’s away on holiday.
II. Complete the sentences using BOTH, EITHER, NEITHER. Use OF where necessary.
1. …Both (of)… my parents are from London.
2. To get to the town centre, you can go along the footpath by the river or you can go along the road. You can go ______________________ way.
3. I tried twice to phone George but ______________________ times he was out.
4. _______________________ Tom’s parents is English. His father is Polish and his mother is Italian.
5. I saw an accident this morning. One car drove into the back of another. Fortunately __________________ driver was injured but _______________________ cars were quite badly damaged.
6. I’ve got 2 sisters and a brother. My brother is working but _________________________ my sisters are still at school.
III. Complete the sentences using BOTH, NEITHER, EITHER OF…, etc.
1) I asked two people the way to the station but … neither of them… could help me.
2) I was invited to 2 parties last week but I didn’t go to ___________________.
3) There were two windows in the room. It was very warm so I opened ________________.
4) Sarah and I play tennis regularly but ______________ can play very well.
5) I tried two bookshops for the book I wanted but __________________ had it.
IV. Make sentences with BOTH… AND, NEITHER … NOR, EITHER … OR.
Tom was late. So was Ann. Both Tom and Ann were late.
She didn’t write and she didn’t phone. She neither wrote nor phoned.
3. Jim is on holiday and so is Carol. Both ______________________________________________________________.
4. George doesn’t smoke and he doesn’t drink. __________________________________________________________.
5. Jim hasn’t got a car. Carol hasn’t got a car either. ______________________________________________________.
6. It was a very boring film. It was very long too. ________________________________________________________.
7. Is that man’s name Richard? Or is it Robert? – It’s one of the two.
That man’s name __________________________________________________________________________________.
8. We haven’t got time to go on holiday. And I haven’t got the money. I’ve got ________________________________.
9. We can leave today or we can leave tomorrow – whichever you prefer.
We _____________________________________________________________________________________________
Demonstrative pronouns
| Singular | Plural |
| This (smth. which is nearer the speaker, singular) | These (smth which is near the speaker, plural) |
| That (used for a singular thing which is further away) | Those (used for plural things which are further away) |
|
| Weuse thisand thesefor things near the speaker (thisprintout here). Thisgoes with a singular or uncountable noun, e.g. this report. Thesegoes with a plural noun, e.g. these results. | We use thatand thosefor things further away (thattable there). Thatgoes with a singular or uncountable noun, e.g. that furniture. Thosegoes with a plural noun, e.g. those curtains. | |
| We can leave out the noun if the meaning is clear. I'm just having a look at this. That'snice, isn't it? Last month's figures were bad, but theseare worse | ||
| Places and people. When we are in a place or a situation, we use this(not that)to refer to it. There's a wonderful view from thisoffice, just come to the window. Thisparty isn't much fun, is it? Shall we go home? We can use thisto introduce people and thatto identify people. Jake, thisis my friend Rita. That'sAndrew over there. On the phone we can use thisto say who we are and thisor thatto ask who the other person is. Hello? Thisis Laura speaking. Who's this/that,please? | ||
| Time. This/thesecan mean 'near in time' and that/those'further away in time'. I'm working as a tourist guide thissummer. I'm pretty busy thesedays. Do you remember thatsummer we all went to Spain? Thosewere the days. I can't see you on the third of July. I'm on holiday thatweek. To refer back to something that has just happened or was just mentioned, we normally use that.What was thatnoise? ~ I didn't hear anything. Jessica is on a diet. That'swhy she doesn't want to eat out with us. I've lost my key. ~ Well, that'sa silly thing to do. To refer forward to something that is just going to happen or something that we are going to say, we use this. Thisnext programme should be quite interesting. I don't like to say this,but I'm not happy with the service here. | ||
| I.Put in demonstrative pronouns. ____ book here isn’t worth reading. ___ one over there is good. I don’t know _____ children over there. Look what I’ve got here. Have you seen ____ photos before? 4. I’m happy here. I like ___ small town. 5. Give me ____ gun! 6. We should have lived in the 14th century. ___ were the days! 7. Look here! With ____ hands I built ____ house! | II.Complete the conversations. Use demonstrative pronouns. 1. -Are we going out ____ evening? - I can’t really. I’ll be working late at the office. 2. - I hear you’ve got a new flat. - _____’s right. I’ve just moved in. 3. – What’s the matter? - It’s ______ boots. They don’t fit properly. They’re hurting my feet. 4. – It’s so boring here. - I know. Nothing ever happens in ____ place. 5. – What’s happened? You look terrible. - You won’t believe ___ but I’ve just seen a ghost. | |
| III. Complete the conversations. Use this, that, these and those. ► Mark: Are we going out this evening? Sarah: I can't really. I'll be working late at the office. 1 David: I hear you've got a new flat. Rita: 's right. I've just moved in. 2 Mike: What's the matter? Harriet: It's............................ boots. They don't fit properly. They're hurting my feet. 3 Jessica: It's so boring here. Rachel: I know. Nothing ever happens in.................................. place. 4 Emma: What's happened? You look terrible. Vicky: You won't believe............................., but I've just seen a ghost. 5 Laura: What kind of planes are..............................? Trevor: I don't know. They're too far away to see properly. 6 Matthew: The match is three weeks from today. Daniel: Sorry, I won't be able to play for the team. I'll be away all.……………week. 7 Mark: Zedco. Can I help you? Alan: Hello............................. is Alan. Can I speak to Fiona, please? 8 Daniel: I've had............................. bump on my head ever since someone threw a chair at me. Natasha: Someone threw a chair at you?................................. wasn't a very nice thing to do. 9 Mark: seats aren't very comfortable, are they? Sarah: No, I don't think I'll want to sit here very long. | ||
Every, each
| each | every |
| - used before a singular noun to talk about a whole group. - Eachis more usual with smaller groups and can mean only two. (There were cars parked along each sideof the street. = both sides) (no generalisation – более конкретные вещи имеются в виду): Study each sentence carefully (=study the sentences one by one) - is used for a small number: There were 4 books and I read each (of them). -can be used with OF: each of(the/these/you/us/them): Each of my children, each of the books - The girls were each given an ice-cream. (=Each girl was given an ice-cream). I bought the girls two ice-creams each. They cost 4 pounds each. I want them each to be happy. I’ve got 5 brothers and each (of them) is different from the others. Each other – one another(in modern English used in the same way.). One another - when we are making very general statements, and not talking about particular people. They sat for 2 hours talking to each other’s / one another. e.g. The translation of “se parler” is “to talk to one another”. (more natural than… to talk to each other) - Each other’s – one another’s - have possessive forms. e.g. They’ll sit for hours looking into each other’s/one another’s eyes. - Each other is not used after meet, marry, similar. e.g. They met in 2005. They married in 2006. Their interests are very similar. Note the difference: They are looking at themselves. They are looking at each other. | - used before a singular noun to talk about a whole group. - Everymeans three or more, usually a large number. (There were cars parked along every streetin town.= all the streets) (generalisation): употребляется в общем смысле) Every sentence has a verb (=all sentences in general) - is used for a large number: She has read every book in her library (all the books) -can be used withevery one of I’ve read every one of those books. Everybody/ everyone denote animate things Everything denotes inanimate things Note: every book, every child, etc. BUT Every `one (“one” is stressed) – Have you read all these books? – Yes, every `one. Cf.: Everyone was happy. (=Everybody…) He is invited to a lot of parties and he goes to every one. (=to every party). … every one of these books, every one of them, etc. Translation: все, до единого, каждый) Everyone/everybody –Is everybody here? – Все здесь? Compare everyand allbefore day, morning, week,etc. I travel every day.(= Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday,...) I was travelling all day.(= from morning till evening) |
I. Put in EACH or EVERY.
1. There are four books on the table. …Each… book has a different colour.
2. The Olympic Games are held …every… four years.
3. ________________ parent worries about their children.
4. In a game of tennis there are two or four players. _________ player has a racket.
5. Nicola plays volleyball ___________ Thursday evening.
6. I understood most of what they said but not ___________ word.
7. The book is divided into five parts and ____________ of them has three sections.
8. I get paid ________ four weeks.
9. We had a great weekend. I enjoyed __________ minute of it.
10. I tried to phone her two or four times, but __________ time there was no reply.
11. Car seat belts save lives. ___________ driver should wear one.
12 (from an examination paper) Answer all five questions. Begin your answer to ___________ question on a separate sheet of paper.
II. Complete the sentences using EACH.
1) The price of one of these oranges is 25 pence. These oranges are 25 pence each.
2) I had ten pounds and so did Sonia. Sonia and I ___________________.
3) One of these postcards costs 40 pence Those _____________________________.
4) The hotel was expensive. I paid 40 pounds and so did you. We ______________________.
III. Put in EVERYONE or EVERY ONE.
1) He is invited to a lot of parties and goes to …every one….
2) As soon as ________________ had arrived, we began the meeting.
3) I asked her a lot of questions and she answered ________________.
4) She’s very popular. ________________ likes here.
5) I dropped a tray of glasses. Unfortunately ______________ broke.
Much, many, little, few, a lot, plenty
| Countable | Uncountable |
| Many (много, многие): many friends, many countries Few: (мало, немногие): few people, few students, few cars | Much: (много): much time, much work, much money Little (мало): little time, little work, little money |
| Positive sentences | Negatives, questions |
| 1. There’s no need to hurry. We’ve got plenty of time. (=more than enough). A lot of people drive too fast. He’s got a lot of friends (lots of friends). 2. Too much, too many As many as, as much as Not so many, not so much You want too much. Take as much as you wish. It’s not so much as you may imagine. Too many people want too much. Take as many (apples) as you wish. Not so many, of course. 3. In formal English, we can sometimes use manyand muchin a positive statement. E.g. Many students have financial problems. There’s much enthusiasm for the idea. | Much, many: Do you know many people? (or … a lot of people) We didn’t spend much money. (or … a lot of money…) ButWe spent a lot of money (not “We spent much money”) How many eggs do we need? How much salt do we put in? In informal English a lot of can be used: I don’t have many/ a lot of friends. Do you eat much/ a lot of fruit? |
| A few, a little (positive meaning) | Few, little (negative meaning) |
| A few customers have come to the shop. (несколько) Vicky has made a little progress and so is feeling quite pleased. (небольшой, некоторый) Let's go and have a drink. We've got a little time before the train leaves. I enjoy my life here. I have a few friends and we meet quite often. He spoke a little English, so we were able to communicate with him. | Few customers have come to the shop. (мало, немногие) Vicky has made little progress and so is not feeling very pleased. (небольшой, малый) We must be quick. There is little time. He isn't popular. He's got few friends. He spoke little English, so it was difficult to communicate with him. |
Few and little (without a) can be rather formal. In informal speech we can use these structures.
Not many customers have come in. Only a few customers have come in.
Vicky hasn't made much progress. Vicky has made only a little progress.
| I.1. We didn’t spend much money. Right. 2. Sue drinks much tea. a lot of tea Jim always puts much salt on his food. We’ll have to hurry. We haven’t got much time. Did it cost much to repair the car? It cost much to repair the car. I don’t know much people in this town. I use the phone much at work. 9. They’ve got so much money they don’t know what to do with it. | II. Complete the sentences using plenty (of) + one of the following: hotels money room time to learn things to see 1 There’s no need to hurry. We’ve got plenty of time. 2 He’s got no financial problems. He’s got ___________________________________________ 3 Come and sit with us. There’s ___________________________________________ 4 She knows a lot but she still has ___________________________________________ 5 It’s an interesting town to visit. There _________________________________________ 6. I’m sure we’ll find somewhere to stay. ___________________________________________ |
| III.Put in much, many, few or little. 1 He isn’t very popular. He has..few… friends. 2 Ann is very busy these days. She has ________ free time. 3 Did you take ____________ photographs when you were on holiday? 4 I’m not very busy today. I haven’t got __________ to do. 5 The museum was very crowded. There were too ___________ people. 6 Most of the town is modern. There are ____________ old buildings. 7 The weather has been very dry recently. We’ve had _________ rain. | IV.Some of these sentences need a.Put it in where necessary or “right”. 1. She’s lucky. She has got few problems. Right. 2. Things are not going so well for her. She has few problems. a few problems. 3. Can you lend me few dollars? 4. I can’t give you a decision yet. I need little time to think. 5. There was little traffic, so the journey didn’t take very long. 6. It was a surprise that he won the match. Few people expected him to win. 7. I don’t know much Spanish – only few words. |
V. Put in little/ a little/ few / a few.
1 We must be quick. We have …little.. time. 2. Listen carefully. I’m going to give you ____________ advice.3. Do you mind if I ask you ___________questions? 4. This town is not a very interesting place to visit, so ____________ tourists come here. 5. I don’t think Jill would be a good teacher. She’s got _________ patience. 6. Would you like milk in your coffee?- Yes, please. ____________. 7. This is a very boring place to live. There’s _____________ to do. 8. Have you ever been to Paris? – Yes, I’ve been there ____________ times.
I. Write the sentences correctly.
Model: Mark was only spending one night away. He -quickly put a little things into a bag
He quickly put a few things into a bag.
1 Rachel is learning to drive. She hasn’t had much lessons yet.
2 I’m making soup for twenty people. I’ll have to make a lot of.
3 I feel really tired. I haven’t got many energy.
4 The mixture looks rather dry. May be you should add a few water?
5 We’re having a big party. We’ve invited a lots of friends.
II. Complete the conversation. Put in a lot of, many, much. More than one answer may be correct.
Matthew: There are (►)a lot of athletes taking part in the International Games in London.
There's been (1)...................................................................... coverage in the papers.
Daniel: Our runners haven't won (2)................................................ medals, have they?
Matthew: No, not as (3)……………………….as last time. But there's plenty of time.
There are still (4)………………………events to come. I'd like to go and see some
of the track events, but I haven't got (5)……………………..... time at the moment.
Daniel: No, not with exams coming up. Matthew: I'm hoping to go at the weekend if I can get a ticket.
Apparently there aren't (6).......................................................... …….. seats left.
Daniel: I've heard the cheapest tickets are £25.1 think that's too (7)
III. Put in a few, few, a little, little.
Model: I don’t think I can lift this box on my own. I need a little help.
Few tourists visited Northern Ireland in the 1980s because of the terrorism there.
1 The postman doesn’t often come here. We receive _______________ letters. 2. The snow was quite deep. There seemed ______________ hope of completing our journey. 3. Trevor isn’t finding it easy to fix the shelves. He’s having ___________ trouble. 4. Sarah is exhausted. She’s having _ days’ holiday next week. 5. David quite likes golf, but unfortunately her has __________________ ability. 6. I can speak ______________ words of Swedish, but I’m not very fluent.
IV. Many, few, much and little
Complete this paragraph from a travel book. Put in many, few, much or little.
The main town on the island is very small and does not have (►) many important buildings. The islanders
do not have (1)……………money, and they have (2)……………contact with the outside world. There is not (3)……………..chance of the place attracting large numbers of tourists. The roads are not very good. There are lots of bicycles but not (4)…………… cars. And there are hardly any of the modern facilities which visitors expect. There are (5)……………shops, and there is (6)…………….entertainment.
Other, another, etc.
| Other/others | The other /the others | another |
| (used in a general sense): 1) used attributively other people, other things Some people like classical music, other people like pop music. Other people = others (used in a general sense): Some (одни) people like classical music, others (другие) prefer pop music. | (used in a specific sense): 1) of 2 things, people, etc: I’ve given you two books, but I see only one. Where is the other book (one)? For example, the other hand, theother side of the street, the other bank of the river |
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