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Interrogative pronouns ( Who, whose, what, which)
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| Whom is not often used in informal English. We prefer to use who as an object, especially in questions. - Who did they arrest? We use whom in a more formal style; and we must use whom after a preposition. - Whom did they arrest? (formal) - With whom did they arrest? (very formal) - Whorefers to people. e.g. I don't like people whotell jokes all the time. We can also use that, but it is less usual. e.g. Jake is the man thatplays the guitar. | 1. which and what: the difference Which and What are often both possible, with little difference of meaning - Which/What is the hottest city in the world? Which is preferred when the speaker has a limited number of choices in mind. - Which phone shall I use, this one or the one in the office? When the speaker is not thinking of a limited number of choices, what is used. - What language do they speak in Greenland? 2. determiners: which and what Before nouns, which and what can be used to ask questions about both things and people. - Which teacher do you like best? What writers do you like? 3. which of -before another determiner (the, my, these) or a pronoun, we use which of. - Which of your teachers do you like best? 4. without nouns: who, which, what. When these words are used as pronouns, without nouns immediately after them, we generally use who, not which, for people. e.g. Who won – Ivanov or Sidorov? However, which can be used in questions about people’s identity, and what can be used to ask about people’s jobs and functions. E.g. Which is your husband? – The one in jeans. - What is Peter? – He is the Company Secretary. Which is sometimes used instead of who in questions about classes of people. -Which is more valuable to society – a politician or a nurse? Note the difference: What doctor did you see? Which doctor did you see? (therapist or oculist) (Mr Black or Mr White) |
'How romantic! Breakfast in bed!'
Study the use of how and what in the questions:
| - What’s this one called? (not How…) - Whatdo you think of her work? (not How…) |
| - What’s the blue button for? (=What purpose does it have? (not How…) |
| - How about (having) a swim? (=a suggestion) (or What about…) |
| - What is your brother like? (=asking what kind of person he is) (not How…) |
| - How is you brother? (=asking about health) (not What) |
| - What was the journey like? (= asking an opinion) (not How…) |
| - What do you like about it? (= asking for specific details) (not How…) |
| - How do you like it? (not What) = asking for a general opinion; = asking for details about coffee, tea or a meat dish (How would you like it? is also possible) |
| Which is your brother? – The next to Ken. Which would you rather be – a doctor or a vet? (or What would…) = to identify a person or people out of a group (in a crowded room, or on a photograph) and when we ask about particular classes of people. - What’s your sister? – She is a doctor. = person’s job or position |
| -What town do we go through on the way? = the speaker doesn’t know the area. - Which towns do we go through on the way? = the speaker knows the area and the towns in it.. |
I. What or which?
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Do you play the piano, or the violin, or the guitar, or…?
What musical instruments do you play?
Did you go to the Little Theatre or the Theatre Royal?
_____________________theatre did you go to?
Did you take the morning flight or the afternoon flight?_________________________________
Did you stay at the Grand Hotel or the Bristol?________________________________________
Do you like classical music, or jazz, or rock music?_____________________________________
Did you buy ‘Time’ magazine, or ‘ Newsweek’ or a computer magazine, or………………………?
Do you work for Euro Chemicals, or ICM, or Sen Co, or………………………………?
Are you learning English, or Spanish, or Arabic or Japanese or…………………………?
II. Fill the gaps in the following sentences by using either what or which.
1 He didn't believe.. ………... I said.. ……………... annoyed me very much.
2 In detective stories the murderer is always caught.. ……………….. doesn't happen in real life.
3 He wasn't surprised at.. …………… he saw because I told him.. ………………. to expect.
4 In hospitals they wake patients at 6 a.m... ………………….. is much too early.
5 There was no directory in the first telephone box.. ……………….. meant that I had to go to another one.
6 I did…………………... I could.. ………………….. wasn't much.
7 The clock struck thirteen. ……………………... made everyone laugh.
8 I am sure that …………………….. you say is true.
9 We travelled second class. ……………………. is cheaper than first class but more crowded.
10 He didn't know the language.. ………………… made it difficult for him to get a job.
11 People whose names begin with A always get taken first. …………….. is most unfair.
12 He played the violin all night.. ……………….. annoyed the neighbours.
13 When the mechanic opened the bonnet he saw at once.. ……………... was wrong with the car.
14 I didn't buy anything because I didn't see.. ………………. I wanted.
15 They sang as they marched. ………………... helped them to forget how tired they were.
16 I saw a coat marked down to £10............................. was just. ……………... I was prepared to pay.
17 He was very rude to the customs officer.. ……………of course made things worse.
18 Show me.. ………….. you've got in your hand.
19 Tell me.. ……………... you want me to do.
20 The frogs croaked all night.. ……………. kept us awake.
21 All the roads were blocked by snow... meant that help could not reach us till the following spring.
22 You needn't think you were unobserved! I saw.. ………………. you did!
23 She was once bitten by a monkey.. ……………………. made her dislike monkeys for the rest of her life.
24 Some dairies have given up electric milk floats and gone back to horse-drawn vehicles. …….... shows that the horse still has a place in modern transport.
25 She expects me to clean the house in half an hour. ……………….. is impossible.
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26 He poured water on the burning oil stove. ………………….... was a crazy thing to do.
27 Would you know. …………………. to do if you were bitten by a snake?
28 They turned on the street lights …………. - made it suddenly seem much darker than it really was.
29 I don't know.. ………………. delayed the train, but it went much slower than usual.. ……………... made me
late for my appointment.
30 He asked a question.. …………… I answered, and then he asked exactly the same question again
. ……………….. showed me that he hadn't been listening.
31 The crime was not discovered till 48 hours later. ……………. gave the criminals plenty of time to get away.
32 My neighbours on either side of me have painted their houses.. ……………… of course only makes my house look shabbier than it really is.
33 The headmaster believed that children should do …………….... they liked. ……………….. meant, of course, that they didn't learn much.
34 I couldn't remember the number of my own car. ………………….... made the police suspicious.
34 He said that.. ………………... frightened him was the appalling silence of the place.
36 You will be punished for.. …………………. you have done.
THE PRONOUN
The Pronoun is a part of speech which points out objects & their qualities without naming them.
Classification of Pronouns:
- personal (I, he, she, they, we, you)
- possessive (my, his, her, its, their, our, theirs, ours, his, hers, mine)
- reflexive (myself, yourself, himself, herself, themselves, ourselves, yourselves )
- reciprocal (взаимный) (each other, one another)
- demonstrative (this, that, theses, those)
- interrogative (who, whose, what, which)
- relative (относительное) (who, whose, which, that as)
- conjunctive (соединительное) (who, whose, which, what)
- definite (each, every (-thing, -body, -where, -one), all, both, other)
- indefinite (some. any (-thing, -body, -where, -one)
- negative (no (-thing, -body, -where, -one)
Personal Pronouns:
They have the categories of person, case, number & gender (3d person)
They have 2 cases: the nominative case & the objective case. I-me, he-his, she-her, they-them.
(The archaic pronoun of the second person singular is thou. The objective case of thou is thee.)
In colloquial speech me not I is used commonly as a predicative. Who is that?—It’s me.
They have two numbers: singular & plural. The second person you is both singular & plural. We define the number of you by means of intonation, structure of a sentence, choice of words.
The Pronoun of the 3d person he, she, it distinguish gender. Male beings are referred to as he. Female beings are referred to as she. Inanimate things are referred to as it.
To define sex in such words as friend, teacher, doctor personal pronouns are often used. Tell your friend that he must come to see us.
They have the following functions in a sentence: object (He wanted to tell me the truth), subject (He gave us some names), predicative (That was him who spoke in such a way).
Possessive pronouns:
They have the same distinctions of person: gender, number as personal pronouns.
They have 2 forms: dependent (conjoint) & independent (absolute). The conjoint form is used before the noun it modifiers: my book, his bag, her story, etc.) The absolute form is used when the possessive pronoun doesn’t modifier any noun (subject, predicative, and object). My dictionary is not very good but yours is excellent. Sometimes we can use the combination: the nouns + preposition + the absolute form of the Pronoun — the dictionary of yours, a friend of mine.
The possessive pronouns are often used before the names of the parts of the body, clothes, and things below to a person. In this case they are not translated into Russian. He raised his hand to answer this question.
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Reflexive Pronouns:
They have the categories of person, number & gender (3d person sing.)
They refer to the subject of the sentence in which they are used, indicating that the action performed by the doer passes back to him or is associated with him. He will tell me about it himself. She can’t translate the text herself.
They may be used as a predicative in a sentence: When they returned they were not themselves. They may be used as objects, attributes & adverbial modifiers.
Sometimes they are used emphatically. He himself doesn’t know what to do.
Reciprocal Pronouns:
They express mutual action or relation. The subject to which they refer must always be in the plural. We haven’t seen each other for many years.
Each other imply only two participants of the action, one another presupposes two or more than two persons.
They have two case forms: common (in the function of an object) & genitive (in the function of an attribute). Girls moved towards each other. We forgot each other’s names.
Demonstrative Pronouns:
This/ that
They have two numbers: plural & singular: this-these, that-those.
This is used to point at which is nearer in time or space. That is used to point what is farther away in time or space.
This & that may be applied both to persons & things.
Ina sentence they may be subjects, predicatives, objects, attributes)
Such (a)
Can be used in a sentence as a subject, predicative, object, attribute.
The same
Can be used in a sentence as a subject, predicative, object, attribute.
Interrogative Pronouns:
They are used in inquiry to form special questions.
Who
It has the category of case: nominative & objective (whom). It refers to human beings.
What
When it is not attributive it usually refers to things but it may be applied to persons when one inquires about their occupation.
Which
It has a selective meaning (который из).
In the sentences interrogative pronouns are subject (Who told you this?), predicative (What are you?), object (What do you mean?), attribute (Which picture do you like best?)
Relative Pronouns:
They not only point back to a noun or a pronoun mentioned before but also have conjunctive power. They introduce attribute clauses. The word they refer to is called their antecedent (a noun or a pronoun).
1. Who It is used with reference to human beings or animals. He was the man who knew that.
2. Whose It is mainly used with reference to human beings or animals but it may be applied to things.
3. Which, That, Such: They are used with the reference to things & animals
Conjunctive Pronouns:
They not only back to some person or thing mentioned before but also have conjunctive power, introducing subordinate clauses (subjective, objective & predicative clauses)
I don’t want to hear that what you’ve come for. He helped to carry my case what was very kind of him.
In the clause they may be subject, predicative, attribute, object.
Definite Pronouns:
1. All It is a generalizing pronoun, it takes a group of things or persons as whole. It may be used as subject, predicative, object & attribute.
2. Both It points out two persons, things or notions mentioned before. It may be used as subject, object & attribute.
3. Each & Every They refer to all members of the group of persons, things or notions mentioned before & taken one by one. Each may be used as subject, object & attribute. Each presupposes a limited number of the members. Every is used as an attribute. Every presupposes an unlimited number of the members.
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4. Everybody, Everyone They refer to all the members of the group of persons mentioned before or taken one by one. They have two cases: common (subject, object) & genitive (attribute).
5. Everything It may be applied to things, animals & abstract notions. It is used as subject, predicative & object.
6. Either It has two meanings: each of the two & one or the other. It is used as an attribute or a part of the subject.
7. Other, another Other denotes some object different from the one mentioned before. It has 2 numbers & 2 cases. It is used as subject, object & attribute. Another has two meanings: a different one or an additional one. It may be used as subject, object & attribute.
Indefinite Pronouns:
They point some person or thing indefinitely. They have two cases.
Some It is used in the positive sentences
Any It is used in the negative & interrogative sentences
· They may be used with the noun denoting material. In such a case they denote some quantity.
· Some may have the meaning of certain before a noun in the plural.
· Any means «любой». Only it can be used in the clauses of condition in the indefinite meaning.
· They are used as subject, predicative, and object.
One One = every person or any person. It has two numbers. It is used in general sense & may be used as an attribute. It has negative & indicative meanings.
Negative Pronouns:
No It is used before a noun as an attribute (none) It can be used as subject or object. It has genitive case (attribute).
Nothing It may be used as subject, predicative, or object.
Neither It may be used as subject, object & an attribute.
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