Task 7. Complete the sentences using the words given in brackets.

1. A great number of veterinarians currently … medicine in the United States, primarily in private hospitals and clinics. 2. Small-animal veterinarians are … family advisors and animal health care providers. 3. A veterinarian practice involves preventative care: vaccinating, treating animals for internal and external … performing operations. 4. One of the most important responsibilities of veterinarians is to provide … 5. Many veterinarians now … sophisticated diagnostic equipment. 6. Medical and surgical … which used to be unsuitable or impossible in animals, are now alleviating suffering and saving lives. 7. Large-animal veterinarians often treat groups of animals rather than …. 8. They insure that infectious diseases do not … from farm to farm. 9. Large-animal veterinarians … perform artificial insemination on a herd of cows. 10. Veterinarians must … medicine and instruments with them. 11. Zoo veterinarians perform different routine examinations, and even … 12. Veterinarians employed in regulatory medicine … for eliminating infectious diseases and protecting the public from zoonotic diseases that can affect people. (Practice, possess, spread, carry, are considered to be, parasites, procedures, individuals, often, humane euthanasia, are responsible, surgery).

The US Army Veterinary Corps' … is to protect the War fighter and …the National Military Strategy. They accomplish this by … veterinary public health capabilities through veterinary medical and surgical care, food … and defense, and biomedical and development. In addition, Veterinary Corps Officers provide military veterinary … in response to natural disasters and other emergencies. They are an integral part of an Army Medical Department at war, … a Nation at war. Everything they do ultimately focuses on the War …, Soldiers, Sailors, Airmen, and Marines. The US Army Veterinary Corps provides food safety and security inspections for all of ….They also are responsible for providing care to Military Working Dogs, … working animals of many Department of Homeland Security, … and pets owned by service members. They are an essential omponent of the military medical research team, … their skills in the development of life saving medical products that protect all service….

(Mission, support, the Armed Services, providing, ceremonial horses, safety, organizations, research, contributing expertise, supporting, fighters, members).

2. The pharmaceutical industry develops, produces, and … drugs licensed for use as medications. Pharmaceutical companies can … in generic and/or brand medications. They are subject to a variety of laws and regulations regarding the patenting, … and marketing of drugs The earliest drugstores date back to the … The first known drugstore was opened by … in Baghdad in 754, and many more soon began operating throughout the medieval Islamic world and eventually medieval Europe. By the 19th century, many of the drug stores in Europe and North America had eventually developed into larger…. Most of today's major pharmaceutical companies were founded in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Key discoveries of the 1920s and 1930s, such as insulin and penicillin, became … Switzerland, Germany and Italy had particularly strong industries, with the UK, US, Belgium and the Netherlands. Drug discovery and development is very expensive; of all compounds investigated for use in humans only a small fraction are eventually approved in most nations by government appointed medical institutions or boards, who have to approve new drugs before they can be marketed in those …. Each year, only 25 truly novel … are approved for marketing. This approval comes only after heavy investment in pre-clinical development and clinical trials, as well as a commitment to ongoing safety monitoring.

(Markets, mass-manufactured and distributed, deal, countries, drugs, testing, Middle Ages, Arabian pharmacists, pharmaceutical companies).

3. Small Animal Veterinarians … provide medical care for small companion animals, such as cats, dogs, hamsters, birds and rabbits. Small Animal Veterinarians perform medical … treat diseases and provide routine checkups and vaccinations. A Small Animal Veterinarian must …a Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (D.V.M. or V.D.M.) degree from an accredited 4-year college and a license from the state where he or she will … Small Animal Veterinarians usually set up private medical practices to allow pet … to bring their animals in for examination and treatment. Small Animal Veterinarians treat small companion animals for …… bones, superficial wounds and general ailments. Treating diseases, such as canine parvovirus, feline lower urinary … disease, heartworms and feline panleukopenia, is also a very important part of a Small Animal Veterinarian's. They teach pet owners many things that small animals … such as proper nutrition and …….. hygiene. Small Animal Veterinarians may … surgery, such as spaying, neutering and, in some cases, dental surgery.

(Predominantly, broken, procedures, require, tract, dental, obtain, practice, perform, job, owners).

Task 8. Choose one of the words given in brackets and complete the sentences:

According to experts, large animal veterinarians (represent, representing) the most sought-after sector in veterinary medicine. This is because most graduates choose to stay in the city rather than (moving, move) to the country or practicing in small towns. Not surprisingly, those who choose to become large animal veterinarians (make, making) an income twice as large as those (working, work) with regular animal populations. While there is a demand for large practitioners, Texas A&M University, the only school for large animal veterinary medicine in the state, has not seen a recent change in enrollment or trends of applicants to the veterinary program. There are shortages in all disciplines in the veterinary profession that (includes, including) food animal, large animal, regulatory medicine, diagnostic medicine, imaging, numerous small animal disciplines and pathology. In the USA basically more veterinarians (needing, are needed) because of the numerous ways a Doctor of Veterinary Medicine degree can be used in society.

Texas A&M University is among 28 universities in the nation (offering, offer) a large animal veterinary medicine program. It (take, takes) four years to complete veterinary school. Only after (completing, complete) professional training, graduating with a Doctor of Veterinary Medicine degree and passing both national and state licensing examinations, one can start his own practice.

Vaccination is the administration of antigenic material (a vaccine) (to produce, producing) immunity to a disease. Vaccines can (preventing, prevent) the effects of infection by many pathogens. There is strong evidence for the efficacy of many vaccines, such as the influenza vaccine, the HPV vaccine and the chicken pox vaccine among others. Vaccination is generally considered to be the most effective and cost-effective method of (prevent, preventing) infectious diseases. The material administered can either be live but weakened forms of pathogens (bacteria or viruses), killed or inactivated forms of these pathogens, or purified material such as proteins.

Smallpox was the first disease people tried to prevent by purposely (inoculating, inoculate) themselves with other types of infections; smallpox inoculation was started in China or India. In 1718, was (report, reported) that the Turks had a habit of deliberately inoculating themselves with fluid taken from mild cases of smallpox. In 1796, British physician Edward Jenner (tested, testing) the possibility of using the cowpox vaccine as an immunization for smallpox in humans for the first time. The word vaccination was first (using, used) by Edward Jenner in 1796. Louis Pasteur furthered the concept through his pioneering work in microbiology. Vaccination (Latin: vacca—cow) is so (naming, named) because the first vaccine was derived from a virus affecting cows. Commonly, 'vaccination' and 'immunization' generally have the same (mean, meaning). Vaccination efforts have been met with some controversy meaning on scientific, ethical, political, medical safety, religious, and other grounds. In rare cases, vaccinations can injure people and they may (receive, receiving) compensation for those injuries. Early success and compulsion brought widespread acceptance, and mass vaccination campaigns were undertaken which are (crediting, credited) with greatly (reduced, reducing) the incidence of many diseases in numerous geographic regions.

Neutering, from the Latin neuter (of neither sex) which means the removal of an animal's reproductive organ, either all of it or a considerably large part. It is the most drastic surgical procedure with (sterilizing, sterilized) purposes. The process is often (using,used) in reference to males whereas (spayed, spaying) is often reserved for females. Colloquially, both terms are often referred to as (fixed, fixing). While technically called castration for males, in male horses, the process is referred to as (gelded, gelding). Neutering is the most common (sterilized, sterilizing) method in animals. In the United States, most humane societies, animal shelters and rescue groups (not to mention numerous commercial entities) urge pet owners to have their pets (neutering, neutered) to prevent the births of unwanted litters, (contributed, contributing) to the overpopulation of animals.