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Словообразование (word formation)
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В английском языке существуют различные способы образования новых слов.
1. Без изменения произношения и написания слов (конверсия):
Nouns Verbs
answer – ответ to answer – отвечать
walk – прогулка, ходьба to walk – гулять, ходить
work – работа to work – работать
order – заказ to order – заказывать
change – изменение to change – изменяться
help – помощь to help – помогать
Adjectives Verbs
free – свободный to free – освобождать
clean – чистый to clean – чистить
2. При помощи изменения места ударения:
Nouns Verbs
conduct – поведение to conduct – вести
contrast – контраст to contrast – противопоставлять
increase – увеличение to increase – увеличивать(ся)
export – экспорт to export – экспортировать
import – импорт to import – импортировать
present – подарок to present – дарить
3. При помощи чередования букв и звуков:
Verbs Nouns
to advise – советовать advice – совет
to live – жить life – жизнь
to believe – верить belief – вера
to prove – доказывать proof – доказательство
to choose – выбирать choice – выбор
to lose – терять loss – потеря, убыток
to use – применять use – применение
to behave – вести себя behaviour – поведение
to fly – лететь flight – полет
to grow – расти growth – рост
to practise – упражняться practice – упражнение
to serve – служить service – служба
to know – знать knowledge – знание
to die – умирать death – смерть
to complain – жаловаться complaint – жалоба
to speak – говорить speech – речь
to think – думать thought – мысль
to weigh – взвешивать, весить weight – вес
Adjectives Nouns
deep – глубокий depth – глубина
high – высокий height – высота
hot – жаркий heat – жара
long – длинный length – длина
poor – бедный poverty – бедность
proud – гордый pride – гордость
strong – сильный strength – сила
young – молодой youth – молодость
warm – теплый warmth – теплота
wide – широкий width – ширина
4. При помощи суффиксов:
Verbs → Nouns
| -age | pass – passage | -ment | improve – improvement |
| -al | arrive – arrival | -sion | divide – division |
| -ance | appear – arrearance | -tion | invent – invention |
| -ation | admire – admiration | -ure | Fail – failure |
| -ence | differ – difference | -y | recover – recovery |
| -ion | confuse – confusion | -ee | employ – employee |
Adjectives → Nouns
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| -ance | important – importance | -ity | popular – popularity |
| -cy | vacant – vacancy | -ment | excited – excitement |
| -ence | silent – silence | -ty | necessary – necessity |
| -ion | attractive – attraction | -y | difficult – difficulty |
| -(i)ness | lazy – laziness kind – kindness |
Nouns, Verbs → Adectives
| -ic | energy – energetic | -able | to breake – breakable |
| -(ic)al | practice – practical profession – professional | -ive | to attract – attractive |
| -ous | danger – dangerous | ||
| -y | rain – rainy | ||
| -ly | friend – friendly | ||
| -ful | beauty – beautiful | ||
| -less | friend – friendless |
5. При помощи префиксов dis-, mis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, un -, добавляемым к различным частям речи для образования противоположного по значению слова: to obey – to dis obey, legal – il legal, patient – im patient, definite – in definite, regular – ir regular, lucky – un lucky, fortune - mis fortune.
Некоторые слова имеют две префиксальные формы: convenient – in convenient, un convenient; decisive – in desicive, un desicive.
Обычно тот же самый префикс используется в образованных словах (дериватах): possible – im possible – im possibility. But: pleasant – un pleasant – dis pleased – dis pleasure; comfortable – un comfortable – dis comforted – dis comfort.
Grammar Practice
Ex.1. Make nouns from the following verbs.
Admit, advertise, announce, apologize, apply, appoint, approve, arrange, attend, celebrate, combine, continue, depart, describe, develop, disappoint, discover, divide, educate, elect, employ, enter, entertain, exist, explain, imagine, impress, introduce, invade, hesitate, marry, mix, operate, pass, perform, permit, possess, prefer, prepare, produce, protect, propose, punish, qualify, receive, recognize, refer, refuse, repeat, revise, satisfy, solve, suggest, translate, treat.
Ex.2. Complete the sentences using nouns formed from the verbs in brackets.
1. The … (discover) of America was made by Christopher Columbus in 1492. 2. I can’t tell the … (differ) between butter and margarine. 3. Helen takes after her mother in … (appear). 4. The staff of this hotel gives very good … (serve). 5. The … (enter) to the park is through the gate over there. 6. The American … (use) of this word is different from the British. 7. There is no … (choose). 8. You need more (practise) if you want to speak good English. 9. The police were awaiting for further … (develop). 10. The … (loose) of trust is always disappointing. 11. There is a … (sign) at the bottom of the letter. 12. I’ll be very thankful if you continue your … (investigate). 13. The police suspect him of being guilty but they have no … (prove). 14. I consider him a … (fail). 15. Be ready for the … (depart). 16. She has a very large … (know) of modern arts. 17. The government is due to make the … (announce) about its economic … (propose) soon. 18. The university expects a high standard of … (behave) from its students. 19. This is the city’s … (entertain) district.
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Ex.3. Make nouns from the following adjectives.
Absent, beautiful, confident, convenient, cruel, curious, dark, elegant, equal, fluent, foolish, frequent, generous, ill, important, independent, happy, patient, perfect, present, real, sad, safe, stupid, shy, tidy, ugly, violent, vacant, weak, wicked, hate.
Ex.4. Complete the sentences using nouns from the adjectives in brackets.
1. … (poor) is one of the world’s greatest problems. 2. To admit you are wrong shows … (strong) of character. 3. The … (hot) became oppressive. 4. She has a … (vacant) for a computer operator. 5. … (necessary) is mother of invention. 6. The … (deep) of the water in the lake is more than 15 metres. 7. He is famous for his … (generous). 8. His … (ill) was caused by overwork. 9. He speaks French with great … (fluent). 10. Please, have a little … (patient). 11. We found the right way without any … (difficult). 12. The … (popular) of the programme has increased. 13. To bring up children to be well-adjusted human beings requires great … (wise). 14. He got a new job with more money and … (responsible).
Ex.5. Make adjectives from the following nouns and verbs in brackets.
Agriculture, alphabet, ambition, anger, comfort, courage, culture, democracy, fame, fashion, health, humour, hunger, luck, music, mystery, nerve, science, thirst, week, year, to advise, to agree, to change, to create, to cure, to decide, to enjoy, to protect, to respect, to value.
Ex.6. Complete the sentences using adjectives from the nouns and verbs in brackets.
1. The chair looks a bit … (danger). 2. English weather is rather … (change). 3. These shoes were extremely … (fashion) last year. 4. The country’s … (year) exports of rice are over two million tons. 5. She is a bit … (nerve). 6. He is not very... (care). 7. I think people who help the old, sick and … (home) are the salt of the earth. 8. They are … (respect) and honest employees. 9. The jeans are cheep and … (practice). 10. Smoking is … (harm) for your health. 11. It is … (advise) to book the room in the hotel. 12. Firemen wear … (protect) clothes. 13. The two countries signed the agreement on trade and … (culture) cooperation. 14. My sister is a very … (create) girl. 15. Pack the glasses carefully. They are … (break). 16. It takes … (consider) patience to teach small children.
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