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The Harvard Style of Referencing
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Harvard is the generic term for any style which contains author-date references in the text of the document and a list of references at the end of the document, arranged by author’s names and year of publication. There is no official manual of the Harvard style; it is just a generic term for the many styles which use this format.
Below you can find the extracts from the manual compiled by the library staff of Anglia Ruskin University (University Library. Guide to the Harvard Style of Referencing, 2011). To download the complete version, you can follow the link http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/files/Harvard_referencing_2011.pdf.
To download the shortened version (Harvard Quick Guide, 2011), follow the link http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/files/Harvard_referencing_2011_quick.pdf.
In your written reports you will have to use in-text citations and reference list.
In-text citation:
“An effective structure is important” (Redman, 2006, p.22).
Reference list:
Redman, P., 2006. Good essay writing: a social sciences guide. 3rd ed. London: Open University in assoc. with Sage.
The reference list should include details for everything that you cite in your assignment. It should be in alphabetical order by author with all the different types of material in one sequence.
Bibliography is a list of relevant items that you have used to help you prepare for the assignment but which are not necessarily cited in your text e.g. general background reading to familiarise yourself with the topic.
A reference list is always required when you cite other people’s work within your assignment. The terms reference list and bibliography are sometimes used interchangeably. Make sure that you know what is required from you before you complete your assignment (University Library. Guide to the Harvard Style of Referencing, 2001, p.5).
Compiling the reference list and bibliography: from books, journals and newspapers (University Library. Guide to the Harvard Style of Referencing, 2001, pp.14-36).
Books
Books with one author
Use the title page, not the book cover, for the reference details. Only include the edition where it is not the first. A book with no edition statement is most commonly a first edition.
The required elements for a book reference are: Author, Initials., Year. Title of book. Edition (only include this if not the first edition). Place of publication (this must be a town or city, not a country): Publisher.
Baron, D. P., 2008. Business and the organisation. Chester: Pearson.
Redman, P., 2006. Good essay writing: a social sciences guide. 3rd ed.
London: Open University in assoc. with Sage.
An intext reference for the above examples would read:
Organisations have been found to differ (Baron, 2008) when there is … Leading social scientists such as Redman (2006) have noted …
Books with two, three or four authors
For books with two, three or four authors the names should all be included in the order they appear in the document. Use an ‘and’ to link the last two multiple authors. The required elements for a reference are: Authors, Initials., Year. Title of book. Edition (only include this if not the first edition). Place: Publisher.
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Reference:
Weiss, T.D. and Coatie, J.J., 2010. The World Health Organisation, its
history and impact. London: Perseus.
Barker, R., Kirk, J. and Munday, R.J., 1988. Narrative analysis. 3rd ed.
Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
An intext reference for the above examples would read:
Leading organisations concerned with health (Weiss and Coatie, 2010) have proved that…
A new theory (Barker, Kirk and Munday, 1988) has challenged traditional thinking …
Books with more than four authors
For books where there are more than four authors, use the first author only followed by ‘et al’. The required elements for this type of reference are: First author, Initials. followed by et al ., Year. Title of book. Edition (only include this if not the first edition). Place: Publisher.
Reference:
Grace, B. et al., 1988. A history of the world. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Books which are edited
For books which are edited give the editor(s) surname(s) and initials, followed by ‘ed’. or ‘eds’. The required elements for a reference are: Author, Initials. ed., Year. Title of book. Edition. Place: Publisher.
Keene, E. ed., 1988. Natural language. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press.
Silverman, D.F. and Propp, K.K. eds., 1990. The active interview. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Allouche, J. ed., 2006. Corporate social responsibility, Volume 1: concepts, accountability and reporting. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Multiple works by the same author
Where there are several works by one author and published in the same year they should be differentiated by adding a lower case letter after the date. Remember that this must also be consistent with the citations in the text. For multiple works the required elements for a reference are: Author, Initials., Year followed by letter. Title of book. Place: Publisher.
Soros, G., 1966a. The road to serfdom. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Soros, G., 1966b. Beyond the road to serfdom. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Works by the same author should be displayed in the order referenced in your assignment, earliest first (as above).
An intext reference for the above example would read:
(Soros, 1966a)
(Soros, 1966b)
This also applies if there are several authors with the same surname. As an alternative their initials can be included in the citation.
So for example, if you have sources written by George Soros and also by
Manuel Soros, you would list them in alphabetic order:
(Soros, G. 1966a)
(Soros, G. 1966b)
(Soros, M. 1966)
Where there are several works by one author, published in different years, these should be arranged in chronological order, with the earliest date first.
E-books and pdfs
For e-books accessed through a password protected database from the University Library the required elements for a reference are: Author, Year. Title of book. [type of medium] Place of publication: Publisher. Followed by Available through: include e-book source/database, web address or URL [Accessed date].
Fishman, R., 2005. The rise and fall of suburbia. [e-book] Chester:
Castle Press. Available through: Anglia Ruskin University Library
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website <http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk> [Accessed 5 June 2005].
Carlsen, J. and Charters, S., eds. 2007. Global wine tourism. [e-book]
Wallingford: CABI Pub. Available through: Anglia Ruskin University
Library website <www.libweb.anglia.ac.uk> [Accessed 9 June 2008].
For an e-book freely available over the internet:
The required elements for a reference are: Authorship, Year. Title of book. [type of medium] Place of publication (if known): Publisher. Followed by Available at: web address or URL for the ebook [Accessed date].
For a pdf version the required elements for a reference are: Authorship, Year. Title of book. [type of medium] Place of publication (if known): Publisher. Followed by Available at: include web address or URL for the actual pdf, where available [Accessed date].
Bank of England, 2008. Inflation Report [pdf] Available at:
<http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/publications/inflationreport/ir08nov.pdf> [Accessed 20 April 2009].
Department of Health, 2008. Health inequalities: progress and next steps. [pdf] London: Department of Health. Available at:
<http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_085307> [Accessed 9 June 2008].
Journal articles and newspapers
Print Journal articles
For journal articles the required elements for a reference are: Author, Initials., Year. Title of article. Full Title of Journal, Volume number (Issue / Part number), Page numbers.
Boughton, J.M., 2002. The Bretton Woods proposal: a brief look.
Political Science Quarterly, 42 (6), p.564.
Cox, C., 2002. What health care assistants know about clean hands. Nursing today, Spring Issue, pp. 647-85.
Perry, C., 2001. What health care assistants know about clean hands.
Nursing Times, 25 May, 97(22), pp. 63-64.
Journal articles available from a database
For journal articles from an electronic source accessed through a password protected database from the University Library the required elements for a reference are: Author, Initials., Year. Title of article. Full Title of Journal, [type of medium] Volume number (Issue/Part number), Page numbers if available. Available through: name of database [Accessed date].
In this example, the article is found on the Blackwell Science Synergy database:
Boughton, J.M., 2002. The Bretton Woods proposal: an in depth look.
Political Science Quarterly, [e-journal] 42 (6), Available through: Blackwell Science Synergy database [Accessed 12 June 2005].
Magazine or journal articles available on the internet
For an article from a web based magazine or journal, which is freely available over the web, the required elements for a reference are: Authors, Initials., Year. Title of article, Full Title of Magazine, [online] Available at: web address (quote the exact URL for the article) [Accessed date].
Kipper, D., 2008. Japan’s new dawn, Popular Science and
Technology, [online] Available at: <http://www.popsci.com/popsci37b144110vgn/html> [Accessed 22 June 2009].
An intext reference for the above example would read:
(Kipper, 2008)...
Newspaper articles
For newspaper articles the required elements for a reference are: Author, Initials., Year. Title of article or column header. Full Title of Newspaper, Day and month before page number and column line.
Slapper, G., 2005. Corporate manslaughter: new issues for lawyers. The Times, 3 Sep. p.4b.
(NB. 4b, this indicates that the article is on the fourth page of the newspaper, and “b” indicates this is the second column of newsprint across the page.)
Online newspaper articles
For newspaper articles found in online newspapers, the required elements for
a reference are: Author or corporate author, Year. Title of document or page. Name of newspaper, [type of medium] Additional date information. Available at: url
[Accessed date].
Chittenden, M., Rogers, L. and Smith, D., 2003. Focus: ‘Targetitis ails
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NHS. Times Online, [online]1 June. Available at:
<http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/scotland/article1138006.ece> [Accessed 17 March 2005].
Coney, J., 2009. Is this the start of a new home loan war? HSBC vows
to lend £1billion to homebuyers with 10% deposits. Daily Mail, [online]
(Last updated 9.47 AM on 09th April 2009) Available at:
<http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1168461/Is-start-new-homeloan-
war-HSBC-vows-lend-1billion-homebuyers-10-deposits.html> [Accessed on 20 April 2009].
An intext reference for the above examples would read:
(Chittenden, et al. 2003)
(Coney, 2009)
It is good practice to keep in your files a copy of the first page of any web pages you use.
Dissertation
The required elements for a reference are: Author, Year of publication. Title of dissertation. Level. Official name of University.
Richmond, J., 2005. Customer expectations in the world of electronic
banking: a case study of the Bank of Britain. Ph. D. Anglia Ruskin University. DVD, video or film
The required elements for a reference are: Full title of DVD or video. Year of release. [type of medium] Director. (if relevant) Country of origin: Film studio or maker. (Other relevant details).
Great films from the 80s: a selection of clips from Warner Brothers top films from the 1980s. 2005. [DVD] New York: Warner Brothers.
Health for all children 3: the video., 2004. [video] London: Child Growth Foundation. (Narrated by D.B.M. Hall).
For a film the suggested elements should include: Title. Year of release. [medium] Director. Country of origin: Film studio.
Macbeth, 1948. [film] Directed by Orson Welles. USA: Republic Pictures.
Broadcasts
For a broadcast the suggested elements should include: Series title and episode name and number if relevant, Year of broadcast. [type of medium] Broadcasting organisation and Channel, date and time of transmission.
Little Britain, 2006. [TV programme] BBC, BBC2, 30 January 2006. 20.00.
For a broadcast obtained through BoB (Box of Broadcasts)
Little Britain, 2006. [TV programme recording] BBC, BBC2, 30 January 2006 20.00. Available through: Box of Broadcasts database [Accessed 12 August 2011].
Course material and Lecture notes
It is important to check with the lecturer who has given the lecture that they are in agreement with course material being included in any Reference List. If they are in agreement, and if it is not a publicly available document, it is important to provide a copy in the Appendix of your work. The citation to the course material in your Reference List should then also refer to the Appendix. It would also be advisable to follow up any sources mentioned in your lecture and read these for yourself.
Course material / lecture notes – print version
The required elements for a reference are: Lecturer/Author, initial. Year. Title of item, Module Code Module title. HE Institution, unpublished.
Williams, B., 2008. Guide to project management, BD45001S Management. Anglia Ruskin University, unpublished.
An intext reference for the above example would read:
(Williams, 2008)
Pictures, images and photographs
The suggested elements for a reference are: Artist/Photographer’s name (if known), Year of production. Title of image. [type of medium] Collection Details as available (Collection, Document number, Geographical Town/Place: Name of Library/Archive/Repository).
Beaton, C., 1956. Marilyn Monroe. [photograph] (Marilyn Monroe’s own private collection).
Beaton, C., 1944. China 1944: A mother resting her head on her sick child's pillow in the Canadian Mission Hospital in Chengtu. [photograph] (Imperial War Museum Collection).
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For an electronic reference the suggested elements are: Artist/Photographer’s name, Year of production. Title of image. [type of medium] Available at: include web site address/URL(Uniform Resource Locator) and additional details of access, such as the routing from the homepage of the source. [Accessed date].
Dean, R. 2008. Tales from Topographic Oceans. [electronic print]
Available at: <http://rogerdean.com/store/product_info.php?cPath=4&products_id=88> [Accessed 18 June 2008].
Religious texts
When you are quoting from a sacred text e.g. the Bible or the Quran, the
suggested elements for a citation are: Name of religious text, Book. Sura or Chapter: Verse.
An in-text reference for the Bible could look like this:
“In the beginning, God created the heavens and the earth" (The Bible,
Genesis. 1:1)
Convention dictates that you do not use page numbers with religious texts.
The required elements for a full reference are: Full title, Year. Place of publication: Publisher.
The Bible: Contemporary English Version, 2000. London: HarperCollins.
For other sacred texts, it is important that you clearly identify the location of the text that you cite using the appropriate numbering system.
Reference from a Dictionary
When you are quoting a definition from a dictionary the required elements for a citation are: (Publishership, Year)
(Chambers, 2010)
For the reference the suggested elements for a reference are:
Dictionary publisher, Year of publication. Full title of dictionary. Place of
Pulication: Publisher.
Chambers, 2010. Chambers paperback dictionary thesaurus. London:
Champers Harpers Publishers Ltd.
Websites
For websites found on the worldwide web the required elements for a reference are: Authorship or Source, Year. Title of web document or web page. [type of medium] (date of update if available) Available at: include web site address/URL (Uniform Resource Locator) [Accessed date].
If the URL appears to be exceedingly long, provide routing details which enable the reader to access the particular page via the site’s homepage. You may be taken to a particular page as a result of a search you performed, or be directed from a link to another place on a website. The resultant URLs may include specific data about your method of accessing that page that is not available to your reader. If this is the case use the homepage (from which the reference can be found).
NHS Evidence, 2003. National Library of Guidelines. [online] Available
at: <http://www.library.nhs.uk/guidelinesFinder> [Accessed 10 October 2009].
Publications available from websites
For publications found on the internet the required elements for a reference
are: Author or corporate author, Year. Title of document. [type of medium] Place:
Producer/Publisher. Available at: include web site address/URL (Uniform
Resource Locator). [Accessed date].
Defoe, D., 1999. The fortunes and the misfortunes of the famous Moll Flanders. [online] Champaign, Illinois: Project Gutenberg. Available at:
<http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/370> [Accessed 18 November 2005].
Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines, 2001. Hypertension in the elderly.
(SIGN publication 20) [online] Edinburgh: SIGN (Published 2001)
Available at: <http://www.sign.ac.uk/pdf/sign49.pdf> [Accessed 17 March 2005].
Blog comments
The required elements for a reference are: Comment Author, Year. Title of individual blog entry. Blog title, [medium] Comment posting date. Available at: include web site address/URL (Uniform Resource Locator) [Accessed date].
DGeezer, 2009. Conservationists are not making themselves heard.
Guardian.co.uk Science blog, [blog] 18 June, Available at:
<http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/blog/2009/jun/18/conservationextinction-
open-ground> [Accessed 23 June 2009].
An in text reference for the above examples would read:
(DGeezer, 2009)
Podcast or archived tv programme
The required elements for a reference are: Broadcaster/Author, Year. Programme title, Series Title. (if relevant) [type of medium] date of transmission. Available at: include web site address/URL (Uniform Resource Locator) [Accessed date].
National Gallery, 2008. Episode Seventeen (March 2008), The National
Gallery Monthly Podcast. [podcast] March 2008. Available at: < http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/podcasts> [Accessed 23 June 2009].
YouTube video
The required elements for a reference are: Screen name of contributor, Year. Video Title, Series Title. (if relevant) [type of medium] Available at: include web site address/URL (Uniform Resource Locator) [Accessed date].
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Mrgeorged, 2009. Top Gear The Stig revealed Full. [video online]
Available at:<http://www.youtube.com/watch#!v=eTapK5dRaw4>
[Accessed 23 June 2009].
ФОРМА ТИТУЛЬНОГО ЛИСТА РЕФЕРАТА
| Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования «СИБИРСКИЙ ФЕДЕРАЛЬНЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ» Институт филологии и языковой коммуникации Кафедра лингвистики и межкультурной коммуникации 031202.65 Перевод и переводоведение РЕФЕРАТ POLYSEMY AND HOMONYMY IN ENGLISH Выполнил студент группы ИЯ10-01С Казак Д.В. ___________________ (подпись, дата) Проверил к.филол.н., доцент кафедры ЛиМКК Кругликова Е.А. ____________________ (подпись, дата) Красноярск 2012 |
Прим. При оформлении титульного листа следует удалять все поля, выделенные курсивом.
ПРИМЕР СОСТАВЛЕНИЯ СОДЕРЖАНИЯ
| CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………...……… | |
| 1 Homonymy ………………………………………………………………...… | |
| 1.1 Classification of homonyms ……………….……………..……………. | |
| 1.2 Sources of homonymy …………………………………………….…… | |
| 2 Polysemy ……………………………………………………………………. | |
| 3 The problem of differentiation between polysemy and homonymy...……….. | |
| CONCLUSION ………………………………………………………...……... | |
| REFERENCE LIST...……… …...............................................................…….. | |
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