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Лечение резервуарита и поддержание ремиссии

Основными препаратами, применяемыми для лечения резервуарита, остаются антибиотики (АБ), что позволяет классифицировать резервуарит как АБ-чувствительный, АБ-зависимый и АБ–резистентный. Первая линия терапии включает 14-дневный курс перорального метронидазола (15-20 мг/кг/сутки) или ципрофлоксацина (1000 мг/сут). Нежелательные явления значительно чаще отмечается при приеме метронидазола. При отсутствии эффекта или при развитии зависимости от приема указанных препаратов возможно назначение резервных препаратов - рифаксимина (2000 мг/сут), тинидазола, ректальных глюкокортикостероидов, ректальных препаратов месалазина, азатиоприна. В случаях АБ-резистентного резервуарита возможно назначение перорального будесонида (9 мг) в течение 8 недель.

Обязательным условием эффективной терапии резистентного резервуарита является надежное исключение альтернативных причин дисфункции резервуара.

Воспаление слизистой оболочки сохраненного участка прямой кишки и синдром раздраженного резервуара

Другим потенциальным осложнением ИАРА является воспаление слизистой оболочки прямой кишки, сохраняемой при наложении аппаратного анастомоза. Лечение воспаления «манжетки» проводится свечами месалазина 500 мг 2 раза в сутки и/или ректальными ГКС.

Синдром раздраженного резервуара (СРР) [cxxi] представляет собой функциональное расстройство, симптомы которого совпадают с проявлениями резервуарита. СРР чаще встречается у пациентов, принимавших анксиолитики или антидепрессанты до колэктомии, что косвенно свидетельствует о проявлениях у таких пациентов синдрома раздраженного кишечника до операции. Методы лечения этих двух функциональных расстройств совпадают и включают психотерапевтическую помощь и назначение антидепрессантов, назначение пищевых волокон, противодиарейных препаратов, спазмолитиков, а также неабсорбируемых антибиотиков для коррекции синдрома избыточного бактериального роста.

ПРОГНОЗ

Риск тяжелого обострения ЯК в течение жизни составляет 15%, при этом вероятность тяжелой атаки выше у больных с тотальным поражением толстой кишки. При проведении адекватной противорецидивной терапии в течение 5 лет обострений удается избежать у половины пациентов, а в течение 10 лет - у 20% больных. В течение первого года после постановки диагноза вероятность колэктомии составляет 4-9% (при тяжелой атаке - около 50%), в дальнейшем с каждым годом заболевания риск колэктомии увеличивается на 1%. Факторами риска агрессивного течения ЯК являются прогрессирование поражения от дистального (проктита) к тотальному, первичный склерозирующий холангит, а также детский и подростковый возраст на момент начала заболевания.

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