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Are you writing a letter now?
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Подлежащее Сказуемое Дополнение Обстоятельство
Jane plays the piano very well.
P.S. Дополнение – косвенное (кому?) стоит перед прямым дополнением
Дополнение – прямое (кого? что?)
F/e: Give me a book. (me – косвенное; a book – прямое)
НО! Give a book to me (если косвенное дополнение стоит после прямого, то перед косвенным дополнением должен стоять предлог “to”)
WORD ORDER IN THE INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE (Порядок слов вопр.пред.)
Вопр. слово Вспом. гл. Подлежащее Сказуемое Доп-ние Обст-тво
Does Jane play the piano very well?
WHAT does Jane play very well?
How does Jane play the piano?
Who plays the piano very well?
THE ENGLISH TENSES SYSTEM (Система времен английского глагола)
| PRESENT (наст.) | PAST (прош.) | FUTURE (буд.) | |
| SIMPLE (INDEFINITE) (простое; неопределенное) | V; Vs | V2 (did) | shall V will V |
| CONTINUOUS (PROGRESSIVE) (длительное) | am is V ing are | was Ving were Ving | shall be Ving will be Ving |
| PERFECT SIMPLE (завершенное простое) | had V3 | has V3 have V3 | shall have V3 will have V3 |
| PERFECT CONTINUOUS (завершенное длительное) | had been V ing | has been V ing have been V ing | shall have been V ing will have been V ing |
SEQUENCE OF TENSES IN THE INDIRECT SPEECH
(СОГЛАСОВАНИЕ ВРЕМЕН В КОСВЕННОЙ РЕЧИ)
| PRESENT SIMPLE | PRESENT PROGRESSIVE | PRESENT PERFECT | PAST PROGRESSIVE | PAST SIMPLE | FUTURE SIMPLE | |
| Direct speech (Прямая речь) | V(s) | am is Ving are | has V3 have V3 | Was Ving Were Ving | V2 | Shall V Will V |
| PAST SIMPLE | PAST CONTINUOUS | PAST PERFECT | PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS | PAST PERFECT | FUTURE-IN-THE-PAST | |
| Indirect speech (Косвенная речь) | V2 | Was Ving Were Ving | had V3 | had been Ving | had V3 | should V would V |
Pronouns SOME, ANY, NO, EVERY and their derivatives
(местоимения SOME, ANY, NO, EVERY и их производные)
| (+) | (-), (?) | (-) | (+), (-) |
| SOME (некоторый, несколько) | (not) ANY | NO | EVERY |
| SOME BODY (кто-то) | (not) ANY BODY (никто) (кто- то) | NO BODY (никто) | EVERY BODY (все, каждый) |
| SOME THING (что-то) | (not) ANY THING (ничто, ничего) (что-то) | NO THING (ничто, ничего) | EVERY THING (все) |
| SOME WHERE (где-то) | (not) ANY WHERE (нигде, где-то) | NO WHERE (нигде) | EVERY WHERE (везде) |
+ I have some books.
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- I have not any (no) books.
? Have you any books? – Yes, I have some. No, I haven’t any.
BUT! Would you like some coffee? – Не хотите ли выпить кофе?
May I have some tea? – Можно мне выпить чаю? (предложение, просьба)
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
(степени сравнения прилагательных)
| POSITIVE (положительная) | COMPARATIVE (сравнительная) | SUPERLATIVE (превосходная) |
| SHORT SAD DRY WHITE WONDERFUL | + ER SHORT ER SA DD ER DR IE R WHIT ER MORE WONDERFUL | + EST (the) SHORT EST (the) SA DD EST (the) DR IE ST (the) WHIT EST (the) MOST WONDERFUL |
REMEMBER!
| GOOD BAD LITTLE MANY, MUCH FAR LATE OLD | BETTER WORSE LESS MORE FARTHER, FURTHER LATTER /LATER OLDER/ ELDER | (the) BEST (the) WORST (the) LEAST (the) MOST (the) FARTHEST, FURTHEST THE LATEST, THE LAST THE OLDEST/ ELDEST |
ADVERBS
FORMATION: SLOW + LY
QUICK LY, BAD LY, COLD LY, POLITE LY
COMPARISON OF ADVERBS
(степени сравнения наречий)
| POSITIVE (положительная) | COMPARATIVE (сравнительная) | SUPERLATIVE (превосходная) |
| FAST OFTEN | FAST ER MORE OFTEN | FAST EST MOST OFTEN |
REMEMBER!
| BADLY WELL LITTLE MUCH FAR | WORSE BETTER LESS MORE FARTHER, FURTHER | WORST BEST LEAST MOST FARTHEST, FURTHEST |
PLURAL FORM OF NOUNS (множественное число существительных)
NOUN + S (a book – books, a pen – pens)
IF NOUN ENDS (-s, -ss, -x, -o, -ch, -sh, -tch) + ES (a bench – benches)
SPELLING CHANGES:
1) СОГЛАСНАЯ + Y = I+ ES (A FACTO RY – FACTOR IES)
ГЛАСНАЯ + Y + S (a PL AY – PLA YS)
2) – F; - FE = V +ES A WOL F – WOL VES, A WI FE – WI VES)
REMEMBER! CHIEF + S (начальник), SAFE + S (сейф), CLIFF+S (утёс)
ROOF + S (крыша), HANDKERCHIEF + S (носовой платок, шейная косынка)
3) OE + S (A POTAT O – POTAT OES)
REMEMBER! PIANO + S, PHOTO + S
| REMEMBER! | ONLY IN SINGULAR | ONLY IN PLURAL |
| A MAN – MEN A WOMAN – WOMEN A CHILD – CHILDREN AN OX – OXEN A GOOSE – GEESE A FOOT – FEET A TOOTH – TEETH A MOUSE - MICE A PERSON – PEOPLE | NEWS HAIR ADVICE KNOWLEDGE LUGGAGE FURNITURE INFORMATION PHYSICS | TROUSERS CLOTHES GOODS SPECTACLES SCISSORS ARCHIVES CATTLE |
| ALSO REMEMBER! | Has the same form for singular and plural form | |
| AN ENGLISHMAN- ENGLISHMEN A FRENCHWOMAN- FRENCHWOMEN BUT! A GERMAN- GERMANS | A DEER – DEER A SHEEP – SHEEP A SWINE – SWINE A FISH- FISH A FRUIT- FRUIT |
THE ARTICLE (АРТИКЛЬ)
| INDEFINITE (неопределенный) A, AN | DEFINITE (определенный) THE |
| а p en (1-я согласная) an a pple (1-я гласная) | the pen the books the meat the rain |
F/e: 1. THIS IS A BOOK. THE BOOK IS GOOD.
2. THIS IS _ MILK. THE MILK IS FRESH.
3. LOOK AT THE BLACKBOARD.
4. THIS IS A BIG APPLE.
THE ARTICLES ARE NOT USED!
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1. AFTER AND BEFORE PRONOUNS (my, your, his, her, our, their, this, that, these, those) – It’s my a hat. Take that a book.
2. BEFORE UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS (liquid, natural phenomenon, abstract matter, substance that must be weighed (flour, sugar, rice etc.) materials) – a water, a rain, an air, a butter.
3. AFTER POSSESSIVE CASE – My father’s a car.
4. AFTER AND BEFORE CARDINAL NUMERAL (one, two etc.) – He has one an English book.
5. AFTER NEGATIVE PRONOUN “NO” – There is no a letter on the table.
6. BEFORE AND AFTER ADJECTIVES – This apple is a big. BUT! This is a big apple.
MODAL VERBS AND THEIR EQUIVALENTS (модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты)
| PRESENT (настоящее) | PAST (прошедшее) | FUTURE (будущее) |
| CAN (могу, умею) F/e: I can read. | COULD F/e: I could read when I was 5 years old. | SHALL BE ABLE TO WILL BE ABLE TO F/e: I will be able to swim next summer. |
| MAY (могу, имею разрешение) F/e: May I come in? | MIGHT F/e: He might go home when he had written the task. | SHALL BE ALLOWED TO WILL BE ALLOWED TO F/e: John will be allowed to go abroad in few days. |
| MUST (должен, вынужден)) F/e: You must learn the rules! I am to go there. – должен, предстоит, (договорились, или такое расписание) | HAD TO F/e: I had to copy the text twice. I was to go there.- предстояло | SHALL HAVE TO WILL HAVE TO F/e: We will have to read the book again. |
| SHOULD (следует) F/e: Jane should go to the library. | ||
| OUGHT TO (следует) F/e: Pete ought to buy this book. |
THE PASSIVE VOICE (страдательный залог)
| PRESENT | PAST | FUTURE | FUTURE-IN-THE-PAST | |
| INDEFINITE be + P II (Participle II) | am is told are | was told were told | shall be told will be told | should be told would be told |
| CONTINUOUS be + being P II | am is being told are | was being told were being told | ________ | _______ |
| PERFECT have been P II | have been told has been told | had been told | shall have been told will have been told | should have been told would have been told |
TYPES OF QUESTIONS (типы вопросов)
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GENERAL Question (общий вопрос)
F/e: ARE YOU A STUDENT? - Yes, I am.
DO YOU WORK? – No, I do not (don’t).
DO YOU LIKE ENGLISH? – Yes, I do.
ALTERNATIVE Question (альтернативный вопрос)
F/e: ARE YOU A STUDENT OR A DOCTOR? – I am a student.
DO YOU WORK OR STUDY? – I work.
DO YOU LIKE ENGLISH OR FRENCH? – I like English.
SPECIAL Question (специальный вопрос)
WHO? – КТО?
WHAT? – ЧТО? КАКОЙ?
WHOSE? – ЧЕЙ?
WHOM? – КОМУ? КОГО?
WHERE? – ГДЕ?
WHEN? – КОГДА?
WHAT COLOR? – КАКОГО ЦВЕТА?
WHAT KIND OF? – КАКОГО ВИДА? КАКОЙ?
WHICH? – КОТОРЫЙ?
HOW? – КАК?
HOW MANY (HOW MUCH)? – СКОЛЬКО?
F/e: WHAT ARE YOU? – I am a student.
WHERE DO YOU WORK? – I work in the office.
WHAT LANGUAGE DO YOU LIKE? – I like English.
DISJUNCTIVE Question (разделительный вопрос)
F/e: You are a student, aren’t you? – Yes, I am.
You work, don’t you? – Yes, I do.
You don’t work, do you? – No, I don’t.
Present Continuous Tense (Настоящее длительное время)
Форма образование: to be (am, is, are) +Ving
I am working at the moment.
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He is not (isn’t) working.
Are you writing a letter now?
Present Continuous Tense употребляется:
1. Для выражения длительного действия, совершающегося в момент речи:
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