to appear, to seem – казаться
to belong – принадлежать
to exist – существовать
to have – иметь
to consist – состоять
to contain – содержать в себе
to own – владеть
to cost – стоить
to depend – зависеть
to weigh - весить
to possess – обладать
SIMPLE TENSES
Types of the sentences
Present
Past
Future
Future-in-the-Past
Positive (+)
I
You V
We
They
He
She V+ es/s
It
E.g. We usually work.
He goes to the Zoo every Sunday.
I
You
We
They V +ed/ V2
He
She
It
E.g. They worked yesterday.
He went to the Zoo 2 years ago.
I / We shall V
You
They
He will V
She
It
E.g. We shall work next week.
He will go to the Zoo tomorrow.
I / We should V
You
They
He would V
She
It
E.g. (He said that) We should work next week.
He would go to the Zoo the next day.
Negative (-)
I
You
We do not V
They
He
She does not V
It
E.g. I don’t like it.
He does not go to the Zoo every Sunday.
I
You
We
They did not V
He
She
It
E.g. I didn’t like it.
He did not go to the Zoo yesterday.
I / We shall not V
You
They
He will not V
She
It
E.g. I shan’t cook tomorrow.
He will not go to the Zoo tomorrow.
I / We should not V
You
They
He would not V
She
It
(He said that) We should not work next week.
He would not go to the Zoo the next day.
Interrogative (?)
I
Do you V
we
they
he
Does she V
It
E.g. Do you live here?
Does he go to the Zoo every Sunday?
I
you
we
Did they V?
he
she
It
E.g. Did you live here last year?
Did he go to the Zoo last year?
Shall I / we V?
you
they
Will he V?
she
It
E.g. Shall we do it tomorrow?
Will he go to the Zoo tomorrow?
Should I / we V?
you
they
Would he V?
she
It
E.g. Should we do it tomorrow ?
Would he go to the Zoo the next day?
Clue words
Usually, always, often, sometimes, every day (week, month, year)
Yesterday, last week (month, year),... ago
Tomorrow, next week (month, year), in
CONTINUOUS TENSES
Types of the sentences
Present
Past
Future
Future-in-the-Past
Positive (+)
I am
You
We are Ving
They
He
She is
It
E.g. I am reading book at 5 o’clock today.
She is doing her homework now.
I
He was Ving
She
It
You
We were Ving
They
E.g. When I came they were reading book.
She was doing her homework at 5 o’clock yesterday.
I / We shall be Ving You
They
He will be Ving
She
It
E.g. When I come they will be reading book.
She will be doing her homework at 10 o’clock tomorrow.
I / We should be Ving You
They
He would be Ving
She
It
E.g. (He said that) We should be working at 10 o’clock the next day.
He would be going to the Zoo at this time next day.
Negative (-)
I am
You
We are not Ving
They
He
She is
It
E.g. I am not reading book.
She is not doing her home task now.
I
He
She was not Ving
It
You
We were not Ving
They
E.g. When I came they weren’t reading book.
She wasn’t doing her home task at 5 o’clock yesterday.
I / We shall not be Ving You
They
He will not be Ving
She
It
E.g. When I come they will not be reading book.
She will not be doing her homework at 10 o’clock tomorrow.
I / We should not be Ving You
They
He would not be Ving
She
It
E.g. (He said that) We should not be working at 10 o’clock the next day.
He would not be going to the Zoo at this time next day.
Interrogative (?)
Am I
you
Are we Ving ?
they
he
Is she
it
E.g. Am I reading book.
Is she doing her home task now?
I
he
Was she Ving ?
it
you
Were we Ving ?
they
E.g. Were you reading book?
Was she doing her homework at 5 o’clock yesterday?
Shall I / we be Ving?
you
they
Will he be Ving ?
she
It
E.g. Shall we be doing it whole day tomorrow?
Will she be doing her homework at 10 o’clock tomorrow?
Should I / we be Ving?
you
they
Would he be Ving ?
she
It
E.g. Should we be doing it whole day tomorrow?
Clue words
Now, at... o’clock today, at the moment, still.
When I came..., from... till o’clock yesterday, whole, while
When I come..., from... till o’clock tomorrow, whole, while
PERFECT TENSES
Types of the sentences
Present
Past
Future
Future-in-the-Past
Positive (+)
I
You
We have V +ed/ V3
They
He
She has V +ed/ V3
It
E.g. They have just talked
He has already written a letter.
I
You
We
They had V +ed/ V3
He
She
It
E.g. They had talked
He had written a letter.
I / We shall have V +ed/ V3 You
They
He will have V +ed/ V3
She
It
E.g. He will have written a letter by 5 o’clock tomorrow.
I / We should have V +ed/ V3 You
They
He would have V +ed/ V3
She
It
E.g. (He said that) He would have written a letter by 5 o’clock the next day.
Negative
(-)
I
You have not V +ed/ V3
We
They
He
She has not V +ed/ V3
It
E.g. They have never talked about it.
He has not written a letter yet.
I
You
We
They had not V +ed/ V3
He
She
It
E.g. They had not talked about it.
He had not written a letter.
I / We shall not have V +ed/ V3 You
They
He will not have V +ed/ V3
She
It
E.g. He will not have written a letter by 5 o’clock tomorrow.
I / We should have V +ed/ V3 You
They
He would not have V +ed/ V3
She
It
E.g. (He said that) He would not have written a letter by 5 o’clock the next day.
Interrogative (?)
I
you V +ed/ V3 ?
Have we
they
he
Has she V +ed/ V3?
it
E.g. Have they ever talked about it?
Has he written a letter yet?
I
you
we
Had they V +ed/ V3 ?
he
she
it
E.g. Had they ever talked about it?
Had he written a letter yet?
Shall I / we have V +ed/ V3?
you
they
Will he have V +ed/ V3 ?
she
It
E.g. Will he have written a letter by 5 o’clock tomorrow?
Should I / we have V +ed/ V3?
you
they
Would he have V +ed/ V3 ?
she
It
E.g. Would he have written a letter by 5 o’clock the next day?
Clue words
Just, already, yet, never, ever, recently, for
For, by … o’ clock yesterday, before.
by … o’ clock tomorrow, before
PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSES
Types of the sentences
Present
Past
Future
Future-in-the-Past
Positive (+)
I
You have been Ving
We
They
He
She has been Ving
It
E.g. We have been reading since morning.
I
You
We
They had been Ving
He
She
It
E.g. We had been reading for 2 hours when mother came.
I / We shall have been Ving
You
They
He will have been Ving
She
It
E.g. We shall have been reading for 2 hours when they come.
I / We should have been Ving You
They
He would have been Ving
She
It
E.g. (We said that) We should have been reading for 2 hours.
Negative (-)
I
You have not been Ving
We
They
He
She has not been Ving
It
E.g. We have not been reading since morning.
I
You
We
They had not been Ving
He
She
It
E.g. We had not been reading for 2 hours when mother came.
I / We shall not have been Ving You
They
He will not have been Ving
She
It
E.g. We shall not have been reading for 2 hours when they come.
I / We should not have been Ving You
They
He would not have been Ving
She
It
E.g. (We said that)We shall not have been reading for 2 hours.
Interrogative (?)
I
Have you been Ving?
we
they
he
Has she been Ving?
it
E.g. Have we been reading since morning?
I
you
we
Had they been Ving?
he
she
it
E.g. Had we been reading since morning?
Shall I / we have been Ving?
you
they
Will he have been Ving?
she
It
E.g. Will we have been reading for 2 hours when they come?
Should I / we have been Ving?
you
they
Would he have been Ving?
she
It
E.g. Would we have been reading for 2 hours?
Clue words
since
since
for
for
The verb to be in the Present, Past, Future Tenses
PRESENT TENSE
PAST TENSE
FUTUTE TENSE
Positive (+)
I – am (I’m)
You
We are (‘re)
They
He
She is (‘s)
It
I am a student.Я (есть) студент.
You are a student.. Ты (есть) студент.
He is a student. Он (есть) студент.
I
She, He was (‘s)
It
You
We were (‘re)
They
I was a student. Я был студентом.
He was a student. Он был студентом.
You were a student. Ты был студентом.
I, We – shall be (‘ll be)
You
They
He will be (‘ll be)
She
It
I shall be a student. Я буду студентом.
He will be a student. Он будет студентом.
You will be a student. Ты будешь студентом.
Negative (-)
I am not (‘m not)
You
We are not (aren’t)
They
He
She is not (isn’t)
It
E.g. He is not at home.
We are not students.
I
He
She was not (wasn’t)
It
You
We were not (weren’t)
They
E.g. He was not at home.
We were not students.
I / We shall not be (shan’t be)
You
They
He will not be (won’t be)
She
It
E.g. He will not be at home.
We shall not be students.
Interrogative (?)
Am I
you
Are we?
they
he
Is she
it
E.g. Is he at home?
Are we students?
I
he
Was she?
it
you
Were we?
they
E.g. Was he at home?
Were we students?
Shall I / we be?
you
they
Will he be?
she
It
E.g. Will he be at home?
Shall we be students?
Clue words
Today, now, usually, always, often, sometimes, every day (week, month, year)
Yesterday, last week (month, year),... ago
Tomorrow, next week (month, year), in
The verb to have (got) in the Present, Past, Future Tenses
PRESENT TENSE
PAST TENSE
FUTUTE TENSE
Positive (+)
I
You
We have (‘ve) (got)
They
He
She has (‘s) (got)
It
E. g. They have a big house.
He has a new car.
I
You
We
They had (‘d) (got)
He
She
It
E. g. They had a house.
He had a black car.
I / We shall have (‘ll have) (got)
You
They
He will have (‘ll have) (got)
She
It
E.g. We shall (We’ll) have a big house.
He will (He’ll) have a new car.
Negative (-)
I
You have not (haven’t) (got)
We
They
He
She has not (hasn’t) (got)
It
E.g. They have not a house.
He has not a new car.
I
You
We
They had not (hadn’t) (got)
He
She
It
E.g. They had not a house.
He had not a black car.
I / We shall not (shan’t) have (got)
You
They
He will not (won’t) have (got)
She
It
E.g. We shall not have a big house.
He will not have a new car.
Interrogative (?)
I
you (got)?
Have we
they
he
Has she (got)?
it
E.g. Have they a house?
Has he a car?
I
you
we
Had they (got)?
he
she
it
E.g. Had they house?
Had he a black car?
Shall I / we have?
you
they
Will he have (got)?
she
It
E.g. Shall we have a big house?
Will he have a new car?
Clue words
Today, usually, always, often, sometimes, every day (week, month, year)
Yesterday, last week (month, year),... ago
Tomorrow, next week (month, year), in
Prepositions of place and direction
Prepositions
Предлоги
For example
Например
on
на (где? куда?)
on the table (где?)
on the table (куда?)
на столе
на стол
in
в (где?)
The flowers are in the vase
Цветы в вазе.
into
в (куда, во что?)
Put the flowers into the vase
Положи цветы в вазу
to
в (куда?)
to the country
в деревню (загород)
from
из, от, с, у
from the country
from Peter
from the table
из деревни
у Петера
со стола
out of
из (из внутри ч. л.)
out of room
из комнаты
off
с (со) (с поверхности ч.-л.)
off the table
со стола
near, at, by
у, около, за
near (by) the window
at the table
у окна
за столом
behind
позади
behind the house
за домом
under
под
under the bed
под кроватью
in front of
перед
in front of the house
перед домом
among
среди
among the balls (many balls)
среди мячиков
between
между
between the balls (two balls)
между мячиков
in the middle of
в середине
in the middle of the room
в середине комнаты
above
над
above the tree
над деревом
next to
рядом
next to the shop
рядом магазином
on the left
с лева
on the left of the supermarket
с лева от супермаркета
on the right
с права
on the right of the drugstore
с права от аптеки
Prepositions of movement
English
Russian
across the road
через дорогу
through the wood
через лес
across the river
через реку (вплавь, на лодке)
over the river
через реку (по мосту, по воздуху)
over the fence
через забор
along (down) the street
по улице
down (up) the river
по реке
across the sea
по морю
about the town
по городу
about the room
по комнате
along the corridor
по коридору
about the country
по стране
Prepositions of time
English
Russian
at 6 o’clock
at noon
at midnight (at night)
at sunrise (sunset)
в шесть часов
в полдень
в полночь (ночью)
на восходе солнца (на закате)
in spring
in the morning
in the afternoon
in the evening
весной
утром
днем
вечером
in September
в сентябре
in two hours
через два часа
in 2007
в 2007 году
on Monday
в понедельник
on the 1st of September
первого сентября
after dinner
после обеда
before entering the institute
перед (до) поступлением в институт
by 5 o’clock
к пяти часам
since morning
с утра
during the holidays
в течение каникул
from... (morning) till (until)... (night)
с … (утра) до … (ночи)
Conditional sentences
I type (Real Condition)
Present Simple Tense
(If- clause)
Future Simple Tense
(Principal clause)
If Subject+ do/ does
E.g. If she comes in time,
+
Subject+ shall/will+ do
we shall go to the theatre
I
You V
We
They
He
She V+ es/s
It
E.g. We usually work.
He goes to the Zoo every Sunday.
You
We
They V +ed/ V2
He
She
It
E.g. They worked yesterday.
He went to the Zoo 2 years ago.
You
They
He will V
She
It
E.g. We shall work next week.
He will go to the Zoo tomorrow.
You
They
He would V
She
It
E.g. (He said that) We should work next week.
He would go to the Zoo the next day.
I
You
We do not V
They
He
She does not V
It
E.g. I don’t like it.
He does not go to the Zoo every Sunday.
I
You
We
They did not V
He
She
It
E.g. I didn’t like it.
He did not go to the Zoo yesterday.
You
They
He will not V
She
It
E.g. I shan’t cook tomorrow.
He will not go to the Zoo tomorrow.
They
He would not V
She
It
(He said that) We should not work next week.
He would not go to the Zoo the next day.
I
Do you V
we
they
he
Does she V
It
E.g. Do you live here?
Does he go to the Zoo every Sunday?
you
we
Did they V?
he
she
It
E.g. Did you live here last year?
Did he go to the Zoo last year?
you
they
Will he V?
she
It
E.g. Shall we do it tomorrow?
Will he go to the Zoo tomorrow?
you
they
Would he V?
she
It
E.g. Should we do it tomorrow ?
Would he go to the Zoo the next day?
You
We are Ving
They
He
She is
It
E.g. I am reading book at 5 o’clock today.
She is doing her homework now.
I
He was Ving
She
It
You
We were Ving
They
E.g. When I came they were reading book.
She was doing her homework at 5 o’clock yesterday.
You
They
He will be Ving
She
It
E.g. When I come they will be reading book.
She will be doing her homework at 10 o’clock tomorrow.
They
He would be Ving
She
It
E.g. (He said that) We should be working at 10 o’clock the next day.
He would be going to the Zoo at this time next day.
You
We are not Ving
They
He
She is
It
E.g. I am not reading book.
She is not doing her home task now.
I
He
She was not Ving
It
You
They
He will not be Ving
She
It
E.g. When I come they will not be reading book.
She will not be doing her homework at 10 o’clock tomorrow.
You
They
He would not be Ving
She
It
E.g. (He said that) We should not be working at 10 o’clock the next day.
He would not be going to the Zoo at this time next day.
you
Are we Ving ?
they
he
Is she
it
E.g. Am I reading book.
Is she doing her home task now?
I
he
Was she Ving ?
it
you
Were we Ving ?
they
E.g. Were you reading book?
Was she doing her homework at 5 o’clock yesterday?
you
they
Will he be Ving ?
she
It
E.g. Shall we be doing it whole day tomorrow?
Will she be doing her homework at 10 o’clock tomorrow?
you
they
Would he be Ving ?
she
It
E.g. Should we be doing it whole day tomorrow?
I
You
We have V +ed/ V3
They
He
She has V +ed/ V3
It
E.g. They have just talked
He has already written a letter.
I
You
We
They had V +ed/ V3
He
She
It
E.g. They had talked
He had written a letter.
You
They
He will have V +ed/ V3
She
It
E.g. He will have written a letter by 5 o’clock tomorrow.
You
They
He would have V +ed/ V3
She
It
E.g. (He said that) He would have written a letter by 5 o’clock the next day.
I
You have not V +ed/ V3
We
They
He
She has not V +ed/ V3
It
E.g. They have never talked about it.
He has not written a letter yet.
You
We
They had not V +ed/ V3
He
She
It
E.g. They had not talked about it.
He had not written a letter.
You
They
He will not have V +ed/ V3
She
It
E.g. He will not have written a letter by 5 o’clock tomorrow.
You
They
He would not have V +ed/ V3
She
It
E.g. (He said that) He would not have written a letter by 5 o’clock the next day.
I
you V +ed/ V3 ?
Have we
they
he
Has she V +ed/ V3?
it
E.g. Have they ever talked about it?
Has he written a letter yet?
I
you
we
Had they V +ed/ V3 ?
he
she
it
E.g. Had they ever talked about it?
Had he written a letter yet?
you
they
Will he have V +ed/ V3 ?
she
It
E.g. Will he have written a letter by 5 o’clock tomorrow?
you
they
Would he have V +ed/ V3 ?
she
It
E.g. Would he have written a letter by 5 o’clock the next day?
You have been Ving
We
They
He
She has been Ving
It
E.g. We have been reading since morning.
You
We
They had been Ving
He
She
It
E.g. We had been reading for 2 hours when mother came.
They
He will have been Ving
She
It
E.g. We shall have been reading for 2 hours when they come.
You
They
He would have been Ving
She
It
E.g. (We said that) We should have been reading for 2 hours.
I
You have not been Ving
We
They
He
She has not been Ving
It
E.g. We have not been reading since morning.
I
You
We
They had not been Ving
He
She
It
E.g. We had not been reading for 2 hours when mother came.
You
They
He will not have been Ving
She
It
E.g. We shall not have been reading for 2 hours when they come.
You
They
He would not have been Ving
She
It
E.g. (We said that)We shall not have been reading for 2 hours.
I
Have you been Ving?
we
they
he
Has she been Ving?
it
E.g. Have we been reading since morning?
I
you
we
Had they been Ving?
he
she
it
E.g. Had we been reading since morning?
you
they
Will he have been Ving?
she
It
E.g. Will we have been reading for 2 hours when they come?
you
they
Would he have been Ving?
she
It
E.g. Would we have been reading for 2 hours?
You
We are (‘re)
They
He
She is (‘s)
It
I am a student.Я (есть) студент.
You are a student.. Ты (есть) студент.
He is a student. Он (есть) студент.
I
She, He was (‘s)
It
You
We were (‘re)
They
I was a student. Я был студентом.
He was a student. Он был студентом.
You were a student. Ты был студентом.
You
They
He will be (‘ll be)
She
It
I shall be a student. Я буду студентом.
He will be a student. Он будет студентом.
You will be a student. Ты будешь студентом.
You
We are not (aren’t)
They
He
She is not (isn’t)
It
E.g. He is not at home.
We are not students.
I
He
She was not (wasn’t)
It
You
We were not (weren’t)
They
E.g. He was not at home.
We were not students.
You
They
He will not be (won’t be)
She
It
E.g. He will not be at home.
We shall not be students.
you
Are we?
they
he
Is she
it
E.g. Is he at home?
Are we students?
I
he
Was she?
it
you
Were we?
they
E.g. Was he at home?
Were we students?
you
they
Will he be?
she
It
E.g. Will he be at home?
Shall we be students?
