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How were igneous rocks formed?
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4. Do you know how sedimentary rocks have originated?
5. What is the most important characteristic feature of sedi
ments?
6. Do sedimentary rocks account for 10 per cent of the Earth's
crust?
7. Is gravel a consolidated mechanical sediment? And what about
sand and clay?
What are cementing substances? Can calcium carbonate be
used as a cementing substance?
8. Are there only fine-grained sandstones?
10. What can you say about chemical sediments?
11. Can you give an example of organic sediments? How are they
formed?
11. •) Найдите в правой колонке английские эквиваленты следующих слов и сочетаний слов.
Земная кора a) sandstone
Растворяться в воде б) fine-grained sand
Песчаник в) the Earth's crust
Уплотненные осадки г) exposed rocks
5. изверженные породы д) to dissolve in water
Мелкозернистый песок е) like gypsum
Затвердевать ж) consolidated sediments
Подобно гипсу з) igneous rocks
Обнаженные породы и) to solidify, to consolidate
Б) Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты следующих сочетаний слов.
Coarse-grained sand а) разрушительная сила
Siltstone and shale воды
The destructive action б) пластовые месторождения
Of water в) доледниковый период
Existing rocks г) крупнозернистый (грубо-
Chemical decay зернистый) песок
Sedimentary rocks д) частицы вещества
Stratified deposits e) алеврит и сланец
Pre-glacial period ж) существующие породы
Particles of a substance з) осадочные породы
И) химический распад
94 Unit 4
12. Заполните пропуски • предложениях, используя следующие слои.
а) consolidate consolidation consolidated «consolidated
1.... is the process of cementation of loose fragments of sedimen
tary rocks.
2. As is known, sedimentary rocks... under the pressure of over
laying beds.
3. Limestone, for example, is the... rock which occupies vast
areas of the Earth's surface.
4. Gravel, sand and clay form the group of... mechanical sedi
ments, because they consist of loose uncemented particles.
Б) stratify stratification stratified
1. Bedding or... is the most characteristic feature of sedimentary
rocks.
2. Coal is a... deposit that has been developed from plant re
mains.
3. Coals... by the decay of organic material.
4. As a result of physical, chemical or biochemical changes veg
etable remains are... and changed into peat or coal, micro-organisms
remains changed into mineral oil, bones into phosphorite, etc.
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13. Подберите из списков А и Б близкие ио значению слои:
A. to consist of Б. solidified
to differ stratified, layered
bedded to realize
consolidated to transform
to change matter
substance to be like
to be similar (to) to finish
to complete to vary
to understand to be composed of
14. Переведите следующие предложены, обращая витание на перевод
неопределенных местоимений some, any и их производных:
1. Have you any books on geology?
2. There is some interesting information about the internal struc
ture of the Earth.
3. The rock near the Earth's centre is somewhere between 10 and
IS times as dense (плотный) as water.
4. Igneous rocks, more than any other kind of rocks show that
the Earth is still changing.
5. Is there anybody in the lab? — Yes, there is. There is some
body there.
6. In some cases limestone is a clastic (обломочный) rock.
Unit 4______________________________________________ 95
15. Вставьте в предложены some/any/no/someone/anyone/no one/somebody/
anybody/nobody/somethtng/anything/notking/somewhere/anywhere/nowhere.
1. Do you live_____ in the centre?
2. There's_____ at the door. Can you go and see who it is?
3. Why are you looking under the table? Have you lost___?
4. He left the house without saying_____ to______.
5. The film is really great. You can ask_____ who has seen it.
6. Can you give me______ information about places to see in
the town?
7. "Where did you go for your holidays?" — "_______ I stayed
at home."
8. There were_____ shops open.
9. We had to walk because there was____ bus.
10. The station is______ near here.
16. Вставьте it или there по смыслу.
1. Is______ raining hard?
2. Are_____ many beautiful buildings on this street?
3. _____ is almost three o'clock.
4. _____ is hard to learn English in such a short time.
5. _____ is no place like home.
6. _____ was almost eight o'clock when they arrived.
7.______ is someone at the door, isn't there?
8. _____ were not many students in class today.
9. _____ are only 28 days in February.
17. Закличете предложения, используя конструкцию there + be.
There is_____ There are several______
There are_____ Is there______
There was_____ Are there______
There were_____ There isn't______
There will be____________ There aren't______
18. Определите, в каких предложениях употреблены глаголы в страдательном залоге. Переведите предложения:
1. Geologists divided the rocks of the Earth into three main classes or
types. They are divided into sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic
rocks.
2. Gravel, sand and clay form the group of unconsolidated mechani
cal sediments. They are formed-by the destructive action of water and
wind.
3. Coal is used as fuel. People have used coal as fuel for a long time.
Unit 4
Составьте предложения по образцу, используя слова из обеих колонок.
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Образец: Conglomerate is formed from gravel.
Sandstone
Rock salt Mineral oil Shale
Peat and coal Igneous rocks
Sedimentary rocks Metamorphic rocks
through the sedimentation
of mineral substances, from sand, from clay minerals, from organic remains, from particles of pre-existing rocks, by the accumulation of plant
remains, from magma, from either igneous or sedimentary
rocks.
20. Употребите данные в скобках глаголы в соответствующей времен
ной форме:
1. There (to be) three main groups of rocks, namely, sedimen
tary, igneous and metamorphic rocks.
2. These rocks (to make up) the crust of the Earth.
3. Sedimentary rocks (to be divided) into: mechanical sediments —
gravel, sand, sandstone, shale, etc; chemical sediments — rock salt,
gypsum, ironstones, etc; organic sediments — peat, coal, etc.
4. The particles of consolidated rocks (to be cemented) firmly to
one another.
5. Gypsum (to be formed) through sedimentation of mineral
substances that (to be dissolved) in water.
6. It is quite obvious that the textures of igneous rocks (to vary) accord
ing to the depth at which rocks (to be formed) many years ago.
7. Exposed igneous rocks (to be formed) at various depths.
21. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на значение
местоимения either я союза either... or.
| Местоимение | Парный союз |
| either тот или другой; и тот, и другой | either... or либо... либо; или... или |
1. Metamorphic rocks have been derived either from igneous or
from sedimentary rocks.
2. Sediments are formed either at the surface or near the sur
face of the Earth by the action of heat, water and the remains of
organisms.
Unit 4_______________________________________________ 97
3. Mechanical sediments can be either consolidated or uncon-
solidated.
4. Igneous rocks are formed as extrusive or as intrusive masses
solidified either at the surface of the Earth's crust or deep under
ground.
5. Either of these rocks are very important because they are of
ten rich in mineral deposits.
22. Переведите предложения, используя следующие слом и сочетания
слов. (Обратите внимание на время и залог глагола-сказуемого.)
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