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Suspended particles — взвешенные частицы
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define [di 'fain] — определять
ТЕКСТ В The Earth's Crust
Most mineral resources are derived from the Earth's crust. The crust is composed of minerals that are crystalline solids with specific and rather simple composition. Minerals in the Earth's crust are concentrated into specific groups which are called rocks. Two distinctly different types of crust are recognized: oceanic and continental.
Since it is difficult to investigate the floor of the ocean, the composition of the oceanic crust is not known completely. Scientists say that it is relatively constant in composition. The oceanic floor consists largely of minerals rich in calcium, magnesium, iron and silicon, and it is formed by the cooling of lavas extruded on the sea floor to form a type of rock called basalt. It is subjected to the same forces of erosion and weathering.
The continental crust contains less iron and magnesium than the oceanic crust, but relatively more silicon, aluminium, sodium and potassium. The continental crust is more complicated and has a more variable thickness and a less well defined structure.
A systematic examination of all known rock types shows that two principal types predominate: 1) Igneous rocks which are formed by the cooling and crystallization of liquids from deep in the crust called magma; 2) Sedimentary rocks which are formed by
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sedimentation and gradual cementation of sediments by the action of water, ice, wind and organisms. They are layered or stratified. Most of the sediments are deposited in the sea along the continents.
As sediments grow larger and are buried deeper, increasing pressure and rising temperature produce physical and chemical changes in them. The resulting metamorphic rocks generally show whether they originated from sedimentary or igneous rocks. This process is slow — hundreds of millions of years are necessary. As weathering and erosion occur, some substances are dissolved and removed in solution while others are transported as suspended particles.
Continental crust contains extremely varied types of rock. It is quite possible to say that the rock-forming processes which we can observe today, have been active for at least 3,500 million years.
The oceanic crust, by contrast with the continental crust, shows little variation in composition. It leads to the idea that the rocks of the sea floor might not contain as many valuable mineral resources as do the rocks of the continental crust. The solution of the problem will be one of the main problems of oceanographic research in future.
46. а) Найдите • каждом абзаце текста В предложение, выражающее его
основвую мысль.
б) Найдите в тексте В предложения, в которых говорвтс* об исследо-
вавяв недр Земля.
в) Составьте план текста В и краткую авиотацию текста, используя
следующее раэговорвые формулы:
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The subject of the text is... The text deals with... It is pointed out that... It is obvious that... To sum it up...
А) Прочитайте и переведите текст со словарем.
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
Leonardo's all-round genius brought him face-to-face with problems of understanding the Earth. He saw the Earth undergoing endless change, largely occasioned by the forces of weather and water (both marine erosion of coasts and river erosion of hills). Solid land was constantly decaying into alluvial plains. The creation by rivers of their own valleys, which they then silted up, fascinated
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him. Land loss was being compensated for by a steady rise of the continents from the sea (as erosion made them lighter, they were able to rise).
His awareness of the power of water enabled him to recognize fossils as organic remains buried in strata debris, and he pointed to the similarities between fossil and living specimens. He denied that fossils were due to the Flood and privately speculated on the high antiquity of the Earth.
б) Скажите, какова точка зрения Леонардо да Винчи ал процесс
образованна ископаемых • недрах Земли.
в) Расскажите о разностороннем таланте Леонардо да Винчи как
ученого, художника, архитектора и т.д.
КРОССВОРД (CROSSWORD)
В этом квадрате зашифровано более 60 слов. Сколько слов удастся вам найти? Запишите эти слова и дайте их русские эквиваленты.
| О | N | Е | О | и | S | Р | F | F | U | A | |
| N | R | W | Е | А | Т | Н | Е | R | N | G | |
| С | А | V | X | Р> | R | А | N | А | S | О | |
| L | V | Е | Р | R | А | L | Е | С | S | F | S |
| Е | О | Е | С | Е | Т | Т | U | ||||
| N | L | N | S | Е | Р | R | и | R | R | L | |
| Е | X | С | Е | S | и | А | R | E | M | Т | |
| D | S | Т | и | R | В | Т | Е | L | S | ||
| Е | D | Н | А | R | D | R | Е | L | С | Т | |
| С | А | и | S | Е | V | А | R | Y | M | A | о |
| А | Y | Р | А | R | Т | С | L | E | S | N | |
| Y | С | О | N | S | О | L | О | A | Т | E |
UNIT 5 Rocks of Earth's Crust
A. Грамматика.
Текст А.
Б. Грамматика.
Текст Б.
B. Текст В.
Функции причастия прошедшего времени (Participle II). Igneous Rocks.
1. Степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий.
2. Место наречий в предложении.
3. Наречия на -/у.
MeUmorphic Rocks.
ГРАММАТИКА
Функции причастия прошедшего времени (Participle II)
Причастие — это неличная форма глагола, имеющая признаки прилагательного и глагола.
Формы причастия прошедшего времени (Participle II) стандартных глаголов совпадают с формами Past Indefinite, т.е. имеют суффикс -её:
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to use — used (использованный)
to discuss — discussed (обсужденный)
to invite — invited (приглашенный)
Причастия прошедшего времени нестандартных глаголов приводятся в словарях и их следует заучивать.
ФУНКЦИИ ПРИЧАСТИЯ II
Часть сказуемого,
выраженного глаголом во временах группы Perfect действительного залога и во всех временах страдательного залога.
2. Левое определение
(стоит перед определя
емым словом)
The mine was built many years ago.
It hasn't rained yet.
The stolen picture was very soon found.
Шахта была построена много лет тому назад.
Дождя еще не было.
Украденная картина была вскоре найдена.
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Правое определение
(стоит после определяемого слова, образуя определительный причастный оборот)
4. Обстоятельство (с
союзами when, while,
if, unless, as и др.)
The engineers invited to the mine are good specialists.
When burnt, coal produced heat.
Metals do not melt until heated to a definite temperature.
Инженеры, приглашенные на шахту, хорошие специалисты.
При сгорании уголь выделяет тепло. (Когда уголь сгорает, он...)
Металлы не плавятся, пока не нагреваются до определенной температуры.
Причастие II также входит в состав перфектных форм действительного и страдательного залога причастия I (см. также с. 150), которые обозначают действие, совершившееся ранее, чем действие, выраженное глаголом-сказуемым. На русский язык причастный оборот с такими причастиями переводится деепричастным оборотом или придаточным предложением:
Having constructed the device in the laboratory,
the engineers tested it at the plant.
Создав прибор в лаборатории, инженеры испытали его на заводе.
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