As for as I know; as is known; as for; I'd like to say a few words about.; it should be noted that.; as a rule; generally speaking и др.
Rocks of the Earth's Crust I I sedimentary rocks igneous rocks metamorphic rocks I I I mechanical, chemical intrusive rocks, rocks structure and organic extrusive (volcano) | sediments rocks water in metamorphism I I I Practical value of each type of rocks (metals they are rich in) 42. Прочитайте текст В без словаря и скажите, о чем ои. Слова для понимания текста: profit — прибыль; польза residual — осадочный alloy — сплав cast iron — чугун ТЕКСТ В Minerals that make up rocks, are defined as inorganic substances which occur naturally and have a definite chemical composition and physical properties which vary within known limits. The major properties are colour, crystal form, hardness, cleavage and others. Cleavage is one of the most diagnostically useful mineralogi-cal properties which can be found throughout the mineral. Minerals of use to man can be grouped into two broad categories: 1) metals, such as aluminium, copper, gold, silver, iron, tin, platinum, chromium, nickel, lead and zinc, and 2) non-metallic minerals, such as diamonds, salt, limestone, cement, sulphur, and asbestos. When minerals occur so that they can be worked at a profit they are called ore deposits. Mineral deposits are seldom equally rich throughout. Unit 5_____________________________________________ 135 Economic minerals are those which are of economic importance and include both metallic and non-metallic minerals. Most minerals consist of several elements. Such elements are oxygen, silicon, titanium, aluminium, iron, magnesium, calcium, sodium, potassium and hydrogen. They make up more than 99 per cent by weight of all the rock-forming minerals. Of these, aluminium, iron and magnesium are industrial metals. The other metals are present in small quantities, mostly in igneous rocks. For example, iron is one of the most abundant metals in the Earth's crust. There are three important classes of iron deposits: deposits associated with igneous rocks; residual deposits and sedimentary deposits. Iron deposits associated with igneous rocks are usually small but very rich bodies either of haematite or magnetite. Large concentrations have been successfully mined in Pennsylvania (the USA) and in the Russian Federation. Residual deposits of iron minerals are formed wherever weathering occurs. Iron deposits formed this way are very widespread. It should be stressed that the residual deposits were among the first to be exploited by man. Sedimentary iron deposits make up most of the world's current production. As the essential component of every variety of steel, iron is obviously the most important of all industrial metals. It has played a large part in the development of our modern civilization. Iron ores are mainly used for producing cast iron, steels and ferro-alloys. From a scientific point of view, iron's most important property is that it becomes magnetized.
The magnetic iron ore is the main wealth of the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly (KMA). It is necessary to say that only in the last century was the secret of the unusual magnetism of enormous iron ore masses discovered underground. Iron fields are worked by surface mining which is more economical. But the KMA is rich not only in iron ores. Its deposits contain bauxite, phosphorite, cement, sand and clays. 43. Разделите текст В м логические части. В каждой иста текста 44. Найдите в тексте В ответы на следующие вопросы: 1. Why is cleavage the most important property of minerals? 2. How can ore deposits be defined? 136_______________________,______________________ Unit 5 3. What are iron ores used for? 4. What is the KMA rich in? 45. Найдите в тексте информацию по следующим вопросам: 1. The main groups of minerals. 2. The composition of minerals. 3. The important classes of iron ore deposits. 4. Industrial importance of iron ores. 5. The characteristic feature of the KMA. 46. Определите, какой из трех заголовков наиболее соответствует 1. Mineral Deposits. 2. The Composition of Minerals. 3. Iron Ores of Importance to Man. 47. Расскажите, какая информация из текста В была для вас новой. 48. Переведите текст со словарем: New Discoveries about the "Blue Planet" Specialists from many ground services have assessed the practical use of observations from outer space. The most effective use of the data obtained was made in the field of geology. A look from outer space identified fundamentally new geological objects which had not been previously studied or mapped. The satellites helped establish the location of abyssal fractures stretching over hundreds and thousands of kilometres and cutting across the whole systems of folds, platforms and the ocean bed. They penetrate deep into the Earth and often act as supply canals of fusions and mineral-enriched solutions. About 20 such abyssal fractures have been identified on the territory of Russia. Successful development of space research makes it possible to survey the Earth's resources from space by satellites. Besides, the surveys by satellites give us information on other parts of the solar system. This has given rise to a new science of "geology of planets" called astrogeology. All this has greatly expanded the viewpoint of the geologist. At the present time geology, astronomy, meteorology, oceanography and geophysics are coming closer together and scientists believe that such combination of sciences must be used together to study the whole Earth. UHIT 6 Sources of Energy A. Грамматика. Герундий (The Gerund). Б. Грамматика. Причастие настоящего времени (The Present Participle).
B. Текст В. Дискуссия. Энергия и жизнь. А ГРАММАТИКА Герундий (The Gerund) Герундий — это особая неличная форма глагола, сочетающая в себе свойства существительного и глагола. Герундий называет действие; образуется прибавлением -ing к основе глагола: to read — reading чтение; to choose — choosing выбор; to heat — heating нагревание и др. Перечислим основные особенности герундия:1 1. За герундием может следовать относящееся к нему прямое They began designing Они начали проектировать a new colliery. новую шахту. 2. У герундия не может быть артиклей или определений, вы 3. Герундий не имеет правого определения с предлогом of. 4. Герундий не имеет формы множественного числа. 5. Перед герундием может употребляться притяжательное 1 Об отличии герундия от совпадающего с ним по форме причастия настоящего времени см. раздел Б. 138_____________________________________________ Unit 6 We know of his taking Мы знаем о его участии part in the project. в этом проекте. 6. Герундий может выполнять функцию подлежащего в Cutting coal is perfomed Подрубка угля осуществля- 7. Если перед герундием стоит предлог, то он выступает в Before entering the Mining До поступления в горный ин- may take a preliminary ступить в горный инсти- year's course. тут) студенты могут по- ступить на годичные подготовительные курсы. Many different factors are Много различных факторов choosing a prospecting при выборе метода развед- method. ки. В русском языке герундию или герундиальной группе с предлогом соответствуют: существительное с предлогом, деепричастие или придаточное предложение. Рассмотрим несколько способов перевода на русский язык одного предложения, содержащего герундий с предлогом: By introducing powerful rotary excavators it is possible to increase the daily output of the quarry. 1. Внедряя мощные роторные экскаваторы, можно 2. Путем внедрения мощных роторных экскавато
Unit6
3. Внедрением мощных роторных экскаваторов можно увеличить суточную производительность карьера. Существуют простые и сложные формы герундия:
Вагонетки разгружаются без остановки (не останавливаясь). В сложном герундиальном обороте герундий выражает действие, которое совершает лицо (или предмет), выраженное притяжательным местоимением или существительным в притяжательном падеже, стоящим перед герундием. Такой оборот переводится на русский язык дополнительным придаточным предложением с союзами что; то, что; о том, чтобы; в том, что. При переводе герундий становится сказуемым, а притяжательное местоимение (или существительное в притяжательном падеже) подлежащим придаточного предложения: We know of computers' Мы знаем о том, что счетно- being used in under- вычислительные машины ground mining. используются в шахтах. ПРЕДТЕКСТОВЫЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ 1. а) Прочитайте вслух следующие слом: [э] — 'fossil, 'solid, 'water, a'tomic, rock [о:] — source, raw, form, 'former, 'faulting [a:] — 'carbon, 'charcoal, past, part [э:] — re'fer, world, word, term, burn, 'purpose [ae] — 'natural, 'sandstone, 'category, 'absence, 'latter [ei] — a'vailable, 'gaseous, shale, main, de'cay, clay Unit 6 [аи] — coke, a 'go, 'folding, most [еэ] — air, 'area, 'vary, 'various 6) Прочитайте следующие слом и запомните их произиошеиие: ancient ['em/ant], conglomerate [kan'gbmant], dolomite ['dolamait], gaseous ['geizjas], gases ['gaesrz], group [gru:p], hydrogen ['haidradsan], methane ['тевеш], nitrogen oxygen [ Dksidsan], sulphur 2. Прочитайте следующие слом и сочетания слов 1-2 раза про себя, затем вслух и постарайтесь запомнить их. accumulate [a'kju:mjuleit] v накапливать; скопляться ancient ['em/ant]' а древний, старинный; ant modern associate [a'soujleit] v связывать, соединять, ассоциироваться; syn connect, link barn [be:n] (burnt [bs:nt]) v сжигать; гореть; жечь
charcoal [4Jd:koul] n древесный уголь convenient [kan'vi:nJ9iit] а удобный, подходящий crude [kro:d] а сырой, неочищенный dig [dig] (dng [dAg]) v добывать; копать; digger л угольный экскаватор; землеройная машина divide [di'vaid] v делить; (from) отделять; разделять evidence ['evidans] я доказательство; очевидность; приз-нак(и) fossO ['ibsfl] а окаменелый, ископаемый; п ископаемое (органического происхождения); окаменелость heat [hi:t] v нагревать; п теплота liquid ['likwid] а жидкий; я жидкость; ant solid manufacture [,m«nju: 'fekt/э] v изготовлять, производить; syn produce mndatone J'mAdstoun] я аргиллит purpose [ppa:pas] л цель; намерение; syn aim, goal shale [fell] п глинистый сланец the former... the latter первый (из вышеупомянутых) последний (из двух названных) 3. Прочитайте следующие сочетания слов и переведите их:
the equipment available for scientific observations fossil fuel solid fuel crude oil abundant in mudstone and limestone small amounts of charcoal and rocke dressing (concentration) plants mine safety liquid fuel manufactured fuel any direct evidence of the deposit carbon-containing substances plant products peat accumulation sources of fuel Unit 6_____________________________________________ 141 4. Определите значения выделенных слов по сходству их корней с кор natural gas; atomic energy; geologic past; the two main groups of rocks; the different categories of solid fuels; the basis of practically all natural fuels; the small amount of other elements; to be associated with water and gas; porous sedimentary rocks; geological formations; the most efficient fuel and raw materials; gaseous fuel; high thermal efficiency; to be derived from petroleum 5. Прочитайте текст А и скажите, какие виды органического топлива в ТЕКСТА Fossil Fuels The chief sources of energy available to man today are oil, natural gas, coal, water power and atomic energy. Coal, gas and oil represent energy that has been concentrated by the decay of organic materials (plants and animals) accumulated in the geologic past. These fuels-are often referred to as fossil fuels. The word fossil (derived from the Latin fodere "to dig up") originally referred to anything that was dug from the ground, particularly a mineral. Today the term fossil generally means any direct evidence of past life, for example, the footprints of ancient animals. Fossils are usually found in sedimentary rocks, although sometimes they may be found in igneous and metamorphic rocks as well. They are most abundant in mudstone, shale and limestone, but fossils are also found in sandstone, dolomite and conglomerate. Most fuels are carbon-containing substances that are burned in air. In burning fuels give off heat which is used for different purposes. Fuels may be solid, liquid and gaseous. Solid fuels may be divided into two main groups, natural and manufactured. The former category includes coal, wood, peat and other plant products. The latter category includes coke and charcoal obtained by heating coal in the absence of air. Liquid fuels are derived almost from petroleum. In general, natural petroleum, or crude oil, as it is widely known, is the basis of practically all industrial fuels. Petroleum is a mixture of hundreds of different hydrocarbons — compounds composed of hydrogen and carbon — together with the small amount of other elements such as sulphur, oxygen and nitrogen. Petroleum is usually associated with 142_____________________________________________ Unit 6 water and natural gas. It is found in porous sedimentary rocks where the geological formation allowed the oil to collect from a wide area. Petroleum is one of the most efficient fuels and raw materials. Of gaseous fuels the most important are those derived from natural gas, chiefly methane or petroleum. Using gaseous fuels makes it possible to obtain high thermal efficiency, ease of distribution and control. Gas is the most economical and convenient type of fuels. Today gas is widely utilized in the home and as a raw material for producing synthetics.
Scientists consider that a most promising source of natural resources may be the floor of the sea, a subject which now has become an important field of research. Generally speaking, all types of fossil fuels described in the text are of great economic importance as they represent the sources of energy the man uses today. УПРАЖНЕНИЯ 6. Укажете, какие предложения соответствуют содержанию текста. Подтвердите свои ответы фактами из текста. 1. Coal, water power and atomic energy are the only sources of 2. Coal, wood and peat represent natural group of solid fuels. 3. As a rule fossil fuels are found in sedimentary rocks. 4. Crude oil is widely used for producing solid fuels. 5. Petroleum can be found in porous sedimentary rocks. 6. Gas is used to produce synthetic materials. 7. Not all types of fossil fuels burn. 7. Ответьте на следующие вопросы: 1. What fuels are often referred to as fossil fuels? 2. What does the word fossil mean? 3. What rocks are most abundant hi fossil fuels? 4. What types of fossil fuels do you know? 5. Is coke a natural or manufactured solid fuel? And what can 6. How are coke and charcoal produced? 7. What rocks is petroleum usually associated with? 8. What are the advantages of gaseous fuels? Unit6 _ 143 8. а) Найдите в право! колопе русские эквиваленты следующих слов • 1. fossil fUel а) дерево и торф 2. raw material б) небольшое количество аргиллита 3. crude oil в) органическое топливо 4. the chief sources of energy г) сланец и известняк 5. to refer to д) сырье 6. any direct or indirect e) материалы, содержащие углерод 7. shale and limestone з) любые прямые или косвенные 8. carbon-containing materials признаки месторождения 9. wood and peat и) сырая (неочищенная) нефть 10. the small amount of mudstonet к) относиться к (чему-л.); ссылаться на (что-л.)
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