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Should do, should have done,
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OUGHT TO DO, OUGHT TO HAVE DONE
1. Модальный глагол should может выражать долженствование, совет или рекомендацию.
Should употребляется в утвердительных, вопросительных и отрицательных предложениях.
· Если действие относится к настоящему или будущему времени, то употребляется форма should do.
| You should speak with him. | Тебе следует с ним поговорить. |
| Should I speak with him? | Мне надо с ним поговорить? (Я должен? Мне следует?) |
| You should't go there alone. | Тебе не следует идти туда одному. |
· Если действие относится к прошлому, то употребляется форма should have done.
В утвердительных предложениях эта форма означает, что действие не произошло, хотя было желательно.
| You should have told me about it. (Why didn't you?) | Тебе следовало рассказать мне об этом. (Ты должен был. Надо было.) |
· В отрицательных предложениях эта форма означает, что действие произошло, хотя было нежелательно.
| You shouldn't have told him about it. | He надо было ему об этом говорить. (Не следовало. Ты не должен был.) |
| You shouldn't have run so much. He надо было так много бегать. (упрек) | You needn't have run. You've still got plenty of time. He надо было бежать. У тебя еще полно времени. |
· В вопросительных предложениях эта форма показывает, что говорящий не уверен, правильно ли он поступил.
| Should I have told him about it? | Мне надо было ему об этом рассказать? |
2. Модальный глагол ought to соответствует в русском языке глаголам (следует, следовало бы, должен, должен бы) и употребляется в форме Indefinite Infinitive для выражения морального долга или совета, относящегося к настоящему или будущему времени.
| He ought to help his friend. | Ему следует помочь своему другу. Он должен (бы) помочь своему другу. |
| You ought to be more careful. | Вам следует быть осторожнее. Вы должны (бы) быть осторожнее. |
· Если действие относится к прошлому, то употребляется форма ought to have done для выражения того, что лицо, о котором идет речь, не выполнило своего долга или поступило, по мнению говорящего, неправильно, т.е. для выражения порицания или упрека.
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| You ought to have done it yesterday. | Вам следовало (бы) сделать это вчера. Вы должны (бы) сделать это вчера |
| You ought not to have sent that telegram. | Вам не следовало (бы) посылать эту телеграмму. Вы не должны (бы) посылать эту телеграмму. |
ФОРМЫ
| положительная | отрицательная |
| ought to should | oughtn't to/ought not to shouldn't/should not |
| Should - cледовало бы You should work more seriously. Вам следовало бы работать серьезнее. |
| Сравните: | |
| You should do it. | Вам следовало бы сделать это (теперь) |
| You should have done it. | Вам следовало бы сделать это (раньше) |
| You should not do it. You should not have done it. | Вам не следовало бы делать этого (теперь) Вам не следовало быделать этого (раньше) |
| Обратите внимание: | |
| You should have done it. | следовало сделать (а вы не сделали) |
| You should not have done it. | не следовало делать (а вы сделали) |
4.1 Make up as many sentences as possible using should, ought to and translate the sentences into Russian.
| You | should ought to | work systematically. be more careful. be working now and not talking with your friend. have known the whole story. have been working all this time instead of listening in. |
| Your work | should ought to | be done in time. be done systematically. have been done long ago. |
| You | shouldn't oughtn't to | go there. be talking so loud here. have gone there. have been sitting here all this time. |
| Your work | shouldn't oughtn't to | be stopped, be interrupted. have been stopped at the very beginning. |
4.2 Give a piece of advice according to the model using should.
e.g. Her diction is not very good. (to read aloud). => She should read aloud.
1. The boy is a little pale. (to play out-of-doors) 2. I am afraid you will miss that train. (to take a taxi). 3. There is no one in. (to try the room next door) 4. I have a slight irritation (раздражение) in my throat. (to smoke). 5. This child doesn't want to eat soup. (not to give her sweets before dinner) 6. She makes a lot of spelling mistakes. (to copy passages out of a book) 7. The dog is afraid of him. (not to shout at the dog) 8. The students are unable to follow what I am saying. (not to speak fast).
4.3 Complete the sentences using should, should ' t and the verbs from the table.
e.g. You see, Jack is busy. => You shouldn't disturb him.
1. The old man is afraid to cross the street. You………him. 2. You don't know the rules well. You…………everything. 3. He is a liar. You……………………….him 4. His lectures are interesting. You…………………..them. 5. The house looks ugly. You …………………it. 6. Nobody wants you here. You …………………here. 7. The girl is too young. She ………………...make-up. 8. He has apologized. You ……………….him.
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revise forgive disturb help miss return paint use believe
4.4 You are giving advice to a friend. Use should or shouldn't.
e.g. Your friend is always coughing because he smokes too much. Advise him to stop smoking. =>You should stop smoking.
1. Your friend has a bad toothache. Advise him to go to the dentist. You ………………………….. 2. Your friend rides his bicycle at night without lights. You think this is dangerous. Advise him not to do it………………...……...
3. Your friend is going to visit Greece. Advise him to learn a few words of Greek before he goes ……………………...
4.5 This time you give your opinion about something. Use I think / I don't think...
e.g. Tom has just been offered a job. You think it would be a good idea for him to accept it. => I think Tom should accept the job.
1. You think it would be a good idea for all motorists to wear seat-belts. I think…………………… 2. You don't think it would be a good idea for Jill and Sam to get married. I ………………………… 3. Your friend has a bad cold. Tell him that you think it would be a good idea for him to stay at home this evening……………………….
4.6 In the sentences with the modal verbs should and ought to fill in the gaps with the verbs given below.
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to talk, to laugh, to have, to worry, to help,
to correct, to look, to be, to stay, to show.
1. You should……..your mistakes. 2. He should………us his plan. 3. They ought to……..a rest. 4. They should………in time for dinner. 5. You shouldn't………. about your parents. 6. You shouldn't……….at your colleagues. 7. They shouldn't ………during the lesson. 8. You oughtn't to………..at home on Sunday. 9. She should …….good at the party. 10. You ought to……your parents.
4.7 Translate the sentences with the modal verbs should and ought to.
1. Вам следует сегодня быстро закончить работу. 2. Твоему брату тоже следует учить английский. 3. Нашей секретарше следует найти новую работу. 4. Твоим друзьям следует посмотреть этот фильм. 5. Вам следует помнить о ваших друзьях. 6. Ей следует сказать нам правду. 7. Вам не следует торопиться. 8. Ему не следует много курить. 9. Ей не следует много есть. 10. Им не следует нас беспокоить. 11. Вам не следует бояться задавать нам вопросы. 12. Ей не следует звонить нам так часто. 13. Вам тоже следует забыть эту ужасную историю. 14. Ей не следует одной поздно возвращаться домой. 15. Ему следует сказать нам свое имя. 16. Нам следует выбрать подарок для нашего коллеги, потому что у него завтра день рождения.
4.8 React to the following statements using the modal verbs should (recommendation or advice) or need (no need or necessity to do something).
| e.g. | They talk at the lessons. => They shouldn't talk at the lessons (Им не следует болтать на уроках) Не phones me every day. => Не needn't phone me every day (Ему не нужно звонить мне каждый день). |
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1. My brother reads yellow newspapers. 2. These people wait for us. 3. She always worries about her children. 4. This man bothers us all the time. 5. My mother cooks meat every day. 6. This man phones us every day. 7. My brother asks me too many questions. 8. My friend translates articles for me. 9. Our aunt eats too much. 10. Our programmers have lunch at the office. 11. Our partners send us faxes everyday. 12. Our neighbours visit us every day. 13. Our secretary often shows us her pictures. 14. My colleague puts his cup on my table. 15. Our chief often gives us advice.
4.9 In this exercise you have to use should to say that you think something will happen.
| e.g. | Do you think Margaret will pass the examination? => Well, she should pass the examination.She has studied very hard. |
1. Do you think Ted will get the job he applied for? Well, ………He's got all the necessary qualification. 2. Do you think Jim will win his tennis match against Tom? Well, ……….He's a much better player than Tom. 3. Do you think £10 will be enough to do all the shopping? Well, it ………………………… But take abit more in case it isn't.
4.10 Now you have to read the situations and write sentences with should (have) and shouldn't (have). Sometimes you have to use the present, sometimes the past.
| e.g. | The speed limit is 30 miles an hour but Tom is driving at 50. => He shouldn'tbe driving so fast. When we got to the restaurant there were no free tables. We hadn't reserved one. => We should have reserved a table. |
1. It's very cold. Mr. Taylor, who has been ill recently, is walking along the road without a coat. He………………… 2. We went for a walk. While we were walking, we got hungry but we hadn't brought anything with us to eat. We said: We ………………………… 3. I went to Paris. Marcel lives in Paris but I didn't go to see him while I was there. When I saw him later, he said: You ……………….. 4. The notice says that the shop is open every day from 8.30. It is now 9 o'clock but the shop isn't open …………. 5.The driver in front stopped suddenly without warning and I drove into the back of his car. It wasn't my fault……… 6. The children normally go to bed at 9 o'clock. It is now 9.30. They are not in bed; they are watching television. (two sentences) ………………. 7. The accident happened because Tom was driving on the wrong side of the road……………………..
4.11 Match the two halves of these sentences.
| 1. She should be working | a. when she was supposed to be working. |
| 2. She shouldn't stay in bed all day | b. because she woke up early anyway. |
| 3. She shouldn't have fallen asleep | c. but she's too tired. |
| 4. She mustn't oversleep | d. or she'll miss her interview. |
| 5. She doesn't have to get up yet | e. unless she's ill. |
| 6.She didn't need to rest | f. if she's not going to work today. |
| 7. She needn't have set the alarm clock | g. because she wasn't feeling tired. |
| Сравните: You should have done it.- следовало сделать (а вы не сделали) You must have done it. -должно быть, сделали |
4.12 Insert either should or must.
1. a) You... have studied the material thoroughly. I see you have made no mistakes in the test-paper. b) You... have studied the material thoroughly. Then you would not have made so many mistakes.
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2. a) She... have followed the doctor's advice. She would have recovered by now. b) She... have followed the doctor's advice. She looks very fine.
3. a) You... have ignored the instructions of your sports coach. That's why you lost the game. b) You... have followed the instructions of your sports coach. Then you would have won the game.
4. a) She... have forgotten to take her medicine. b) She... have remembered to take her medicine.
5. a) I………...have got on the wrong bus. I cannot recognize the places we are passing. b) I... have looked carefully at the number of the bus. Now I must change buses, and I am afraid I shall be late.
| Сравните: I should have done it. - следовало сделать (а я не сделал) I had to do it. - пришлось сделать (сделал) |
4.13 Insert either should or had to.
1. I... (to write) this composition yesterday, but I was too busy as I... (to translate) a very long text from English. 2. I... not (to take) my little brother to the evening performance, he was so excited; but I really... (to do) so, for there was nobody at home to leave him with. 3. You ………(to see) our team play! You have missed a lot. You... (to go) to the stadium. 4. It was a very important meeting and we... (to attend) it. That's why we returned home late. 5. He... (to attend) the lesson: the material which the teacher explained was very difficult, and now it will be impossible for him to write the test-paper well. 6. Although he felt unwell, he …….. (to attend) the lesson, because the teacher explained some very difficult material.
| Сравните: You needn't have done it. - могли и не делать (это было не обязательно) You shouldn't have done it. - не следовало делать (плохо, что вы это сделали) |
4.14 Comment the following statements using should,
shouldn't or needn't.
| e.g. | 1) A boy was impolite to a girl and did not apologize. => You should have apologized to the girl. 2) A pupil did all the exercises in writing, even those which were meant for oral practice. => You needn't have done all the exercises in writing. 3) Your aunt is running a temperature. => You should consult the doctor. |
What will you say to the person who:
1) bought bread which was not necessary? 2) was not present at the meeting? 3) sent a telegram which was quite unnecessary? 4) went out without his coat and caught cold? 5) apologized for asking you a question? 6) didn't attend a very important lecture? 7) got up at six o'clock on Sunday morning, which was not at all necessary? 8) read till two o'clock in the morning? 9) copied the whole text into his exercise-book? 10) watered the garden, and it is raining now? 11) hasn't returned the books to the library? 12) crossed the street under the red light? 13) doesn't cross the street when the lights are green?
4.15 Complete these sentences with should / ought to + infinitive (or a passive form) or should / ought to have + past participle using one of these verbs. In which one is ought to NOT possible? Are there any in which should is more likely?
check include keep listen meet plan refrigerate stay
=> 1. You should / ought to have received my reply by now. 2.This medicine………………..in a cool place. (from a medicine bottle label). 3. Here's someone you really …………… 4. If you're feeling ill, I……………at home today, if I were you. 5. To have got a better mark, you ………………..your answers more thoroughly. 6. According to the label, the jam ………………after opening. 7. I think you ………….. to him. He knew what he was talking about. 8. The results were completely wrong. As a scientist she ………………... the experiment more carefully. 9. The information you send ………………...details of courses taken at university. (from a job application form)
4.16 In which sentences can you put should or must and in which can you only put must? Where both are possible, consider the difference between should and must.
1. A timetable……………be set for withdrawing the army. 2. Les isn't home yet. He………..have been held up at work. 3. 'I wonder how old Mike is?' 'Well, he went to school with my mother, so he…………….be well over 50.' 4. If you smell gas, you……………...phone the emergency number. 5. You…………………try to visit Nepal - it's a beautiful country. 6. 'I only live a couple of minutes from the town centre.' 'It………..be handy having shops nearby.'
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4.17 Read about the situations and write sentences with ought to / ought not to. Some of the sentences are past and some are present.
| e.g. | Andrew is very upset. You shouted angrily at him. => You ought not to have shouted angrily at him. Beatrice is in hospital. Her son hasn't been to see her. => He ought to go and see her. |
1. I live in Edinburgh. You went there last week but you didn't visit me. You ……………………… 2. Christopher has a new CD player. The children used it without his permission. They ……………… 3. The apple trees have lots of ripe fruit on them but no one can be bothered (беспокоиться) to pick it so it will be wasted. Someone ………………………. 4. Darren is five years old. He's playing with a box of matches. He ………………. 5. You've bought a new kitchen gadget (устройство). You thought the manufacturers provided an instruction leaflet, but you can't find it. There…………………………. 6. We called at our friend's house but she was out. We hadn't phoned her before we left home. We……………………
4.18 Translate into English.
1. Тебе не стоило покупать эти туфли. 2. Тебе надо было его подождать. 3. Нам следует быть к нему более внимательными. 4. Вам не следовало опаздывать. 5. Тебе не стоит просить у них денег. 6. Ты не должен был уезжать так рано. 7. Нам надо было выбрать другой подарок. 8. Мне не надо было идти на собрание, так как его отменили. (to cancel) 9. Вам не надо было приходить. Собрание отменили. 10. Вам не стоило приходить. Никто вас не ждал. 11. Не надо было заставлять их ждать. (to keep somebody waiting) 12. Надо было все ему объяснить. 13. Не надо с ним спорить 14. Тебе следует больше работать. 15. Не стоит над ним смеяться.
4.19 Choose the correct form of the verbs must (n ' t), need't, should (n ' t), don ' t have to.
| A | JOHN: | Can you help me with these letters? |
| IRIS: | (1) Must we do / Should we do them now? Can't they wait until the morning? | |
| JOHN: | No. I (2) must have posted / should have posted them this morning, really. | |
| IRIS: | Oh, all right then. | |
| B | KEN: | Where's Sally? She (3) must he / should be here by now. |
| JO: | I don't know what's happened to her. She (4) must have missed / should have missed the train. | |
| C | MARY: | Happy birthday. I've brought you a present. |
| NEIL: | Oh, you (5) needn't bother / needn't have bothered. | |
| MARY: | That's OK. | |
| NEIL: | Well, thanks very much. | |
| D | PETER: | I'm going to Neil's birthday party this evening. Do you think I (6) must / ought to take him a present? |
| RAY: | Well, you (7) mustn't / don't have to. I'm sure he doesn't expect one. But personally I don't think you (8) should arrive / must arrive at a party without anything for your host. | |
| E At Neil's party | ||
| NEIL: | Why isn't Andrew here? Is he too busy? |
| PETER: | He told me he hadn't been invited. He's gone away for the weekend. | |
| NEIL: | Oh, dear. His invitation (9) must get lost / must have got lost in the post. |
4.20 Complete the second sentence using the correct form of must, need, should or have to without changing the meaning.
e.g. It is vital to wear a helmet (каска) when you ride a motorbike. => You must wear a helmet when you ride a motorbike.
1. I expect we'll get the contract because we offered the best price. We offered the best price so we…………….
2. It isn't necessary for us to spend a long time in the museum if it's not interesting. We…………………………
3. It was wrong of you to speak to my mother like that. You……………………………………………………..
4. She promised to phone me before lunch. It's seven o'clock now. She ………………………………by now.
5. I made far more sandwiches than we needed. I …………………………………...so many sandwiches.
6. It's essential that my father doesn't find out what I've done. My father…………………………………………
7. In my opinion it would be wrong for them to go home now. I don't think they …………………………..
8. My sister offered me a lift so it wasn't necessary for me to call a taxi. As my sister offered me a lift, I…………..
9. I suggest it's a good idea to check the timetable before we leave. We……………………………………………
4.21 Fill the gaps in the sentences with must(n't), needn't or should(n't).
1. We've run out of paperclips. I …………………get some more in the morning. 2. You ………………………...finish that report tonight if you're too tired. Midday tomorrow is the deadline (крайний срок). 3. What are you doing here? ………………………….you be at the meeting downtown? 4. He really……..……..have told his brother about this deal. It was supposed to be absolutely confidential. 5. You ………………………….clean the office because we haven't been using it today, but could you tidy the shelves in the storeroom, please? 6. You ……………….. make so much noise. We'll be asked to leave otherwise. 7. I'm going to be in trouble. I ……………… have posted these yesterday afternoon and I completely forgot. 8. You ……………..have typed this - a handwritten note would have been quite adequate. 9. The meeting's finished. We …………………….find out what's been decided any moment now.
MAY, MIGHT
1. Модальный глагол may и его форма прошедшего времени might соответствуют русскому можно, можешь,... и выражают:
- возможность, создаваемую обстоятельствами
| You may get there by bus. Here you may buy the book at a low price. | Ты можешь добраться туда на автобусе. Здесь ты можешь купить эту книгу по низкой цене. |
В этом значении may употребляется только в утвердительных предложениях.
- разрешение и запрещение
| You may come in. May ask you a question? May l wait here? -Yes, you may. You may not smoke here. | Вы можете войти. Могу я задать вам вопрос? Могу я подождать здесь - Да, можете. Здесь нельзя курить. |
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| May I smoke here? - No, you can't. Is this seat free? May I take it? | Можно я закурю здесь? - Нет нельзя. Это сидение свободно? Можно я займу его? |
2. Форма might:
- является формой прошедшего времени и употребляется при переходе из прямой речи в косвенную
| Не said I might get there by bus. | Он сказал, что может добраться туда автобусом. |
- делает просьбу более вежливой
| Might I come in? | Можно войти? |
- может выражать упрек или неодобрение
| You might write him a letter. | Мог бы написать ему письмо. |
| You might have written him a letter long ago. | Мог бы давно написать ему письмо. |
ФОРМЫ
| положительная | отрицательная |
| may might | may not might not/mightn't |
| MAY Разрешение (можно) |
| You may take my pen. (можете) You may not touch it. (нельзя) May I come in? (можно?) |
| В косвенной речи: Mother said that I might play. (сказала, что можно) |
| Предположение (может быть) |
| It may rain soon. (может быть, пойдет дождь) Take care: you may fall. (можешь упасть) |
| TO BE ALLOWED TO Эквивалент глаголаMAY |
| We are allowed to stay at home. (нам разрешают) We were allowed to stay at home. (нам разрешили) We shall be allowed to stay at home. (нам разрешат) |
5.1 Give the forms of the modal verb may and to be allowed to using the verb to be in all the persons and in all the possible tenses (in the affirmative, interrogative and negative). Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. May I come in? 2. Ring her up. She may be at home now. 3.The old man may be seen walking in the garden every morning. 4.You might have told me earlier about it.
5.2 Read about the legal ages when you are allowed to do things in Britain and compare them with those in your country.
Model: In Britain you are allowed to drive a car at the age of 17, while in Russia you are allowed to do it at the age of 18.
BRITAIN:
| drive a car | |
| buy cigarettes | |
| be served in a pub / bar | |
| enter a pub / bar | |
| vote in elections | |
| join the army | |
| get married with your parents' permission | |
| get married without your parents' permission |
5.3 Insert may (might) or be allowed to. Use be allowed to only when may (might) is not correct.
1. ………. I bring my sister to the party? 2. He asked if he.……. bring his sister to the party. 3. After they had finished their homework, the children... watch TV. 4. He... join the sports section as soon as he is through with his medical examination. 5. Becky's mother said that everybody... take part in the picnic. 6. He….go home if he likes. 7. As soon as the boy... leave the room, he smiled a happy smile and ran out to join his friends outside. 8. The doctor says I am much better. I... get up for a few hours every day.
5.4 Make up questions to the following statements.
e.g. Mrs Snow feels bad. She wants her boss to let her leave her office earlier. What does she say? => May I leave earlier?
1. Ted is tired and needs a day off. What does he say? 2. Mr. Newton is nervous and wants to speak to the pilot. He asks the stewardess... 3. You want to use the telephone but the line is busy. Mary has been talking for forty minutes. What do you say? 4. Your car has broken down and you must meet a friend at the airport. Ask your neighbour to let you have his car. 5. You don't like your room at the hotel. You want to have another room. What do you say?
5.5 Make up sentences stating what one is not allowed to do.
e.g. Children under 16 / to see the film => Children under 16 may not see the film.
1. You / to take dogs to the restaurant……………….. 2. Children under 7 / to enter unless they are with a grown-up…………... 3. Alcoholic drinks / to be sold to people under 18…………..……….. 4. Students / to smoke in the classrooms………….. 5. You / to enter wearing a hat ……………….
5.6 Insert the verbs given below in the sentences with may.
e.g. May / read this document? - Yes, you may.
No, you mustn't.
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to come, to ask, to stay, to leave, to give, to speak, to see, to go,
to take, to smoke, to watch, to learn, to play, to have, to continue.
1. You may……….my car. 2. You may………. at us till Monday. 3. You may……….. here. 4. Your brother may…in this room. 5. Our secretary may.......... at half past ten. 6. You may…… coffee. 7. They may TV. 8. They may……any language. 9. You may…….after you make this translation. 10. He may …..to the party. 11. May I……. you a question? 12. May I…….this work? 13. May I……. to you on the phone? 14. May I…….you advice? 15. May I……. this business letter?
5.7 Write was(n't)/were(n't) allowed to or could(n't). If either is possible, write them both.
1. When I was young, children could / were allowed to leave school when they were 14. 2. Although he didn't have the necessary papers, he ………………….. enter the country. 3. To the children's surprise, last night they …………………. go to the party with their parents. 4. Although I had travelled all day to see him, I ………………… speak to the manager. 5. They feared that he would kill again if he …………………. go free. 6. She ………….. leave school until she had completed her work. 7. When the weeds (семена) …………. get out of control, the garden was ruined. 8. I …………………. visit Mark in prison, but I ………….. send him letters and parcels. 9. The older girls ……………… wear lipstick (помада). 10. Before the meeting finished, I ……………….. give my side of the story.
5.8 Insert the modal verbs may (might) or can (could).
1.... I use your pen? 2.... I find a pen on that table? d. You... read this book: you know the language well enough. 4. You... take this book: I don't need it 5 I help you? 6.... I ask you to help me? 7.... you help me? 8. 1... not imagine her speaking in public: I knew that she was so shy. 9. Something was wrong with the car: he ……. not start it. 10. A fool... ask more questions than a wise man ……… answer. 11. She asked me if she... use my telephone. 12. The school was silent: nothing ……… be heard in the long dark corridors. 13. Waiting... be endless, you know. 14. ….. you tell me the nearest way to the city museum? 15. They... think that I am too weak to take part in the excursion, but I am strong enough to do any kind of hard work, indeed. 16. He knew this period of history very well: he had read everything on the subject he... find in the rich university library.
5.9 Translate the sentences using may.
1. Можно мне войти? 2. Можно, я пойду гулять? 3. Если твоя работа готова, можешь идти домой. 4. Учитель сказал, что мы можем идти домой. 5. Доктор говорит, что я уже могу купаться. 6. Папа сказал, что мы можем идти в кино одни. 7. Я думал, что мне можно смотреть телевизор. 8. Если ты не наденешь пальто, ты можешь заболеть. 9. Не уходи из дома: мама может скоро прийти, а у нее нет ключа. 10. Будь осторожен: ты можешь упасть. 11. Не трогай собаку: она может укусить тебя. 12. Мы, может быть, поедем за город в воскресенье. 13. Он может забыть об этом. 14. Скоро может пойти дождь.
5.10. Translate the sentences using to be allowed to.
1. Мне разрешают пользоваться папиным магнитофоном. 2. Дети уже большие. Им разрешают ходить в школу одним. 3. Ему не разрешают купаться в этой реке. 4. Вчера ей позволили прийти домой в десять часов. 5. Нам не позволяют разговаривать на уроках. 6. Тебе позволили взять эту книгу? 7. Я думаю, мне не разрешат поехать с тобой за город. 8. Тебе разрешат пойти гулять, когда ты сделаешь уроки. 9. Тебе разрешали ходить на озеро, когда ты был маленький? 10. Когда мне разрешат есть мороженое?
5.11 Complete this article about learning to drive in Britain. Put in a positive or negative form of be allowed to, have to, be to.
In Britain you... drive a car when you're seventeen. You... get a special two-year driving licence before you can start. When you're learning, someone with a full licence always... be in the car with you because you... take the car on the road alone. You... go to a driving school - a friend can teach you. The person with you... take money for the lesson unless he's got a teacher's licence.
Before you... have a full licence, you... take a driving test. You can take a test in your own car, but it... be fit for the road. In the test you... drive round for about half an hour and then answer a few questions. If you don't pass the test, you... take it again a few weeks later if you want to. In 1970 a woman passed her fortieth test after 212 driving lessons! When you've not passed your test, you... take it again, and you... go on driving as long as you like, provided you are fit. Britain's oldest driver was a Norfolk man who drove in 1974 at the age of 100.
Before 1904 everyone... drive, even children. Then from 1904 motorists... have a licence. But they... take a test until 1935. In the early days of motoring, before 1878, cars... go faster than four miles an hour, and someone... walk in front of the car with a red flag.
MAY(MIGHT) BE DOING
MAY (MIGHT) HAVE DONE
1. Модальный глагол may (might) может выражать предположение, основанное на неуверенности. В этом значении may встречается в утвердительных и отрицательных предложениях.
- may (not) + do
| Не may be at home. He may not know about it. | Возможно, он дома. Он может об этом не знать. |
  What do you think his
girlfriend looks like?
| She may be pretty. She may be tall. She may have long hair |
- may (not) + be doing
| He may be reading. | Возможно, он читает. |
| He may not be writing a letter. | Может быть, он не пишет письмо. |
| She may be walking in the park. |
 What may Pamela be doing now?
| |
| She may be visiting her friends. |
- may (not)+ have done
| He may have come. He may not have done it. | Наверное, он пришел. Может быть, он этого не делал. |
| Не may have shouted. |
 How could he react?
| |
| Не may have laughed. |
- may (not)+ have been doing
| He may have been waiting for us all this time. | Может, он ждет нас все это время. |
| He may not have been doing anything since morning. | Может, он ничего с утра не делает. |
| Не may have been reading. |
 What has he been doing today?
| |
| He may have been visiting friends. |
2. Употребление формы might выражает еще меньшую степень уверенности.
| Не might be reading. | Возможно, он читает. (Но я совсем в этом не уверен.) |
|
| Can he be sleeping now? Can he be working now? | Может быть, он сейчас спит? Может быть, он сейчас работает? |
5.12 Put general and special questions with may and might. Give positive and negative answers to them.
| e.g. | Не mayknow this man. May he know this man? Yes, he may. He may know this man. No, he mayn't. He mayn'tknow this man. How well mayhe know this man? Who mayknow this man? | He might know this man. Might he know this man? Yes, he might.He might know this man. No, he mightn't. He mightn'tknow this man. How well mighthe know this man? Who might know this man? |
1. This girl may study at the university. 2. This man may live in the country. 3. These people may help children. 4. A secretary may translate business letters. 5. My friends may be right. 6. My mother might believe this story. 7. My colleague might play the piano. 8. He might love our secretary. 9. His aunt might cook well. 10. Our friends might be late for the party.
5.13 Make up as many sentences as possible using may or might. Translate the sentences into Russian.
| He She They | may might | be wrong. be working still. have left the Institute already. have been working all this time. have been expecting my letter all the time. |
| He She You They | might | come here more often. have told me about it. have helped the old man. have been more particular about it. have let me know about your illness. have been working there for more than a year. if he (she, you, they) had chose. |
5.14 In this exercise you have to talk about your (and other people's) future plans. But you are not sure what is going to happen.
e.g. Where are you going for your holidays? (to Italy?)
I haven't finally decided but I may (or might) go to Italy.
1. What sort of car arc you going to buy? (a Mercedes?) I'm not sure yet but I ………………………………. 2. What are you doing this weekend? (go to London?) I don't know for sure but………….
3. Where are you going to hang that picture? (in the dining-room?)
I haven't made up my mind yet but…………………………………...
4. When is Tom coming to see us? (tomorrow evening?) I'm not sure but ………………………………….. 5. What's Jill going to do when she leaves school? (a secretarial course?) She hasn't decided yet but………………………………
5.15 Paraphrase the sentences using may.
1. Perhaps you left your umbrella in the bus. 2. Perhaps he went to the cafe to wait for us. 3. Perhaps it was Helen who rang you up. 4. Perhaps they came by plane. 5.Perhaps she had a very good English teacher. 6. Perhaps it was too cold for the children to go out. 7. It is possible that he took his children to the zoo. 8. Possibly they did not see us in the crowd. 9. Perhaps Robert used a dictionary. 10. Possibly Mary misunderstood you. 11. Perhaps Henry waited for us there. 12. Possibly Ann returned very late last night. 13. Possibly they have seen the new play. 14. Perhaps Nick has left his exercise-book at home.
5.16 This time you have to talk about possible happenings. Use the word(s) in brackets.
e.g. Do you think it will rain this afternoon? (may). => It may rain this afternoon.
Do you think Ann will come to the party? (might not). => She might not come to the party.
1. Do you think Tom will be late? (may). He ………………………. 2. Do you think Ann will be able to find our house? (might not) She……………………. 3. Do you think there'll be an election this year? (might). There ……………………4. Do you think Tony will pass the exam? (may not)………………... 5. Do you think they'll be waiting for us when we arrive? (might)….……… ………….. 6. Do you think it'll snow later? (may)…...………………
5.17 Express supposition (предположение) using the verbs in brackets.
e.g. She didn't come. => She may have forgotten about the meeting.
1.Why is she so unhappy? (she / to quarrel with her boy friend) ……………. 2. Let's not call on Mark, (he / to be busy) ……………. 3. Why didn't you tell Steve you were not coming. (he / to wait for you / all this time) ………….. 4. Why hasn't Kate arrived yet? (she / to miss the train) ………. 5. I haven't seen Derrick for a long time. (he /to stay with his friends all this time) ……… 6. Why is the child hungry? (he /not to have dinner) ………... 7. I wish I had gone to the party. (they / to dance now) …………... 8. What are they doing here? (Tom/ to invite them) ……………. 9. Where is he? (he / to have a rest) …………. 10. I've been trying to get Ellen on the phone since morning. (she /to work in the library / since morning) ……………….
5.18 Transform the sentences using can or may.
e.g. Perhaps he is joking. => He may be joking.
Is it possible that he is angry? => Can he be angry?
1. Perhaps she is angry……………. 2. Is it possible that he is washing his car?………….. 3. Is it possible that he has returned?……….. 4. Perhaps he is playing tennis …………5. Perhaps he has been working in the garden all this time …………………6. Is it possible that she has been wearing these shoes for five years?……………. 7. Perhaps he has misunderstood you 8. Is it possible that he has lost his job?………. 9. Is it possible that she is badly ill?……………… 10. Perhaps they have been discussing the plan since morning………………….
5.19 Paraphrase the sentences using may.
1.Perhaps he is at home, but I am not sure he is. 2. It is possible that we studied at the same school, but I don't remember her. 3. Perhaps she was proud of her knowledge, but she never showed it to her classmates. 4. Perhaps there was a chance for him to win the match. 5.Perhaps Peter was as capable as the old workers, but he was given no chance to show his skill. 6. It is possible that your brother has never heard about this singer. 7. Perhaps she tried to enter the university, but failed. 8. It is possible that you asked the wrong people, that's why you didn't get the right answer. 9. Perhaps our friends will arrive here tomorrow. 10. Perhaps they will come home very soon: be ready. 11. Perhaps the question was too difficult for her.
5.20 In this exercise you have to make sentences with may or might. The first four sentences are present.
e.g. 'Do you know if Jack is in his office?' => ' I'm not sure. He may be in his office. '
'Do you know if Ann likes ice-cream? ' => ' I'm not sure. She might like ice-cream. '
1. 'Do you know if they are married?' 'I'm not sure. They…………...'
2. 'Do you know if she wants to go?' 'I'm not sure ……………...…..'
3. 'Do you know if he's telling the truth?' 'I'm ………………...……..'
4. 'Do you know if the has a car? ' 'I …………………………………'
The next three sentences are past.
e.g. 'Do you know if he was serious? ' => ' I'm not sure. He might have been serious. '
'Do you know if they were looking?' => ' I'm not sure. They may have been looking.
5. 'Do you know if she was ill?' 'I'm not sure. She…………………...'
6. 'Do you know if she told anybody?' 'I…………………...………...'
7.'Do you know if they were listening?'I…………………………….'
And now you have to use may not or might not.
e.g. 'Is Jack in his office? ' => ' I'm not sure. He might not be in his office. '
8. 'Does she want to go?' '……………………..' 9. 'Is he telling the truth?' '………....'. 10 'Are they ready' '…………….'
5.21 This time you have to write sentences to explain each situation. Use the words in brackets to make your sentences.
e.g. I can't find George anywhere. I wonder where he is.
a) (he might / go / shopping) He might have gone shopping.
b) (he could / play / tennis) He could be playing tennis.
1. Look! Sue's going out. I wonder where she's going.
a) (she may / go / to the theatre)………………………………….
b) (she could / go / to a party)…………………………………….
2. Why didn't Tom answer the doorbell? I'm sure he was in the house at the time.
a) (he may / go / to bed early)……………………………………
b) (he might not / hear /the bell)…………………………………
c) (he could /be/ in the bath)…………………………………….
3. How do you think the fire started?
a) (someone may / drop / a cigarette)……………………………..
b) (it could / be/an electrical fault)………………...……………...
4. I wonder were Tom was going when you saw him.
a) (he might/ go /to work)…………………………………………
b) (he may / go/shopping)………………………………………...
5. George didn't come to the party. I wonder why not.
a) (he might / have / to go somewhere else)………………………
b) the may not / know / about it)………………………………….
5.22 Answer the following questions with suitable suggestions, using may (or might) and the words in brackets.
| TERRY: | Why is John wearing sunglasses? It's not sunny. | |
| YOU: | (have some problem with his eyes). He may have some problem with his eyes. | |
| JILL: | Why didn't Jane come to the party last night? | |
| YOU: | (have a party with her boyfriend) She might have had a party with her boyfriend. | |
| SUE: | Why is Alan in such a bad mood today? | |
| YOU: | (sleep badly last night)………………………………... | |
| ROY: | Why is Shelley looking under the desk? | |
| YOU: | (drop something)……………………………………… | |
| JILL: | Where can I have put my bag? | |
| YOU: | (be under the bed)…………………………………….. | |
| ZOE: | Why hasn't anybody said 'Happy Birthday' to me? | |
| YOU: | (plan a surprise)……………………………………….. | |
| TIM: | Why does Henry look so miserable (несчастный)? | |
| YOU: | (have some bad news)………………………………… | |
| ELLA: | Why isn't Sophie in the office today? | |
| YOU: | (work at home)……………………………………… | |
| JOHN: | Why didn't Rosemary come to the cinema last night? | |
| YOU: | (feel tired) …………………………………………….. |
5.23 Translate the sentences using may / might.
a)
1. Можно задать вам вопрос? 2. Если у тебя отпуск, ты можешь поехать в Австралию. 3. Мог бы и купить цветы вчера. 4. Могла бы вставать пораньше. 5. Можете оставить багаж здесь. 6. Здесь нельзя громко разговаривать. 7. Могу я подождать Ника в офисе? 8. Можете держать книгу до вторника. 9. Мог бы и предупредить меня заранее. 10. Могла бы делать это побыстрее. 11. Когда приедете в Лондон, можете остановиться у нас. 12. Мог бы предложить нам войти.
b)
1. Возможно, он уже купил новые часы. 2. Может быть, она делает покупки все это время. 3. Наверное, она нашла новую работу. 4. Возможно ли, чтобы они переехали? 5. Возможно, дети купаются. 6. Может быть, он потерял сумку. 7. Возможно, она не хочет вас видеть. 8. Наверное, он не знает, куда идти. 9. Могло ли что-нибудь случиться? 10. Возможно, учитель сейчас проверяет работы. 11. Возможно, он не объяснил ей, что делать.
12. Возможно ли, чтобы он не объяснил ей, что делать?
5.24 Translate the sentences using may, can, must or their equivalents.
1. Возможно, муж твоей подруги переводит книги. 2. Возможно, у нашего учителя двое детей.
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