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Text 5. The legal heritage of Greece and Rome
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Задание 41. Заполните пропуски в тексте подходящими по смыслу частями предложений. Обратите внимание: одна часть лишняя.
a) appeal against government decisions;
b) to secure the status of Christianity;
c) religious beliefs;
d) extremely severe measures for the people;
e) were awarded the force of law;
f) trial by jury;
g) the laws of a nation;
h) to simplify the code of laws;
i) the modern world;
g) a concept of law.
The ancient Greeks (around 300 B.C.) were among the first to develop 1___ that separated everyday law from 2___. Before the Greeks people believed that their laws were given to them by their gods or goddesses, represented by their kings. The Greek system emphasized that laws were made by the people 3___, and could be changed by them.
In the 7th century B.C., Draco, Athenian lawgiver, drew up Greece’s first written code of laws. Under Draco’s code death was the punishment for most offences. Thus, still the term draconian usually applies to 4_____.
Several decades passed before Solon – poet, military hero and Athens’s lawgiver – devised a new code of laws. He revised every statute except that on homicide and made Athenian law more humane. 5_____, an ancient Greek tradition was retained, but enslaving debtors was prohibited as were most of the harsh punishments of Draco’s code. Under Solon’s law citizens of Athens were eligible to serve in the assembly and courts were established in which they could 6____.
The Greeks ideas were carried over into the Roman system of law. What Greeks may have contributed to the Romans was the concepts of “natural law”. In essence, natural law was based on the belief that certain basic principles are above 7___. These principles arise from the nature of people.
The Romans began keeping legal records but there was no major codification of Roman law until the Code of Justinian. The Code of Justinian, which is now referred to as the Corpus Juris, refers to a collection of works in jurisprudence, issued from 529 to 534 by Justinian I, a prominent Roman Emperor. In the effort 8___, Justinian appointed legal experts to gather together numerous laws of the Roman legal system into a single text.
The Justinian Code is divided into titles relating to specific aspects of the law, and was composed in Latin. It has three fundamental parts. The first one which is known as the Codex is a compilation of imperial enactments. It contained numerous provisions, which served 9____ as the state religion of the empire. These provisions ultimately united the Church and state and labeled anyone not connected to the Christian church as a non-citizen. The first law in the Codex required all people under the jurisdiction of the Empire to hold the Christian faith. All three parts of the Justinian code 10____ in ancient Rome. Justinian, after the creation of the code, stated that any reference to any other legal source was forbidden.
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Задание 42. Письменно переведите текст.
Задание 43. Найдите в тексте термины, соответствующие данным определениям.
1. _____ is a religion that is based on the teachings of Jesus Christ and the belief that he was the son of God.
2. _____ is a person who draws up and enacts laws.
3. _____ the killing of one person by another.
4. _____ is the study of law and the principles on which laws are based.
5. _____ is a legally recognized subject or national of a state or commonwealth, either native or naturalized.
Задание 44. Подберите подходящий по смыслу ответ из предложенных вариантов и обоснуйте свой выбор двумя-тремя предложениями. Начните свой ответ одним из следующих выражений.
| Model: | a) I fully agree with the statement that... because... |
| b) I think that... because… |
1. For ancient civilizations before the Greeks gods or goddesses, represented by the kings, were …
a) ordinary people.
b) the main source of law.
c) collection of works in jurisprudence.
d) eligible to serve in the assembly.
2. The ancient Greeks (around 300 B.C.) were among the first to develop …
a) the first written code of laws.
b) the concept of criminal law.
c) the concept of death penalty.
d) the concept of natural law.
3. Draconian laws are extremely …
a) humane.
b) criminal.
c) severe.
d) religious.
4. Solon devised a new code of laws and made Athenian law more …
a) humane.
b) criminal.
c) severe.
d) religious.
5. The Justinian Code stated that any reference to any other legal source was …
a) legal.
b) illegal.
c) severe.
d) religious.
Задание 45. Выразите согласие/несогласие с утверждениями, используя следующие речевые модели.
| Model: | a) I think it is true. The text tells us that... |
| b) To my mind, it is false because... |
1. The ancient Greeks were among the first who separated everyday law from criminal law.
2. The ancient Greeks believed that laws could be changed by people.
3. Solon’s Code was the first written code of laws of the ancient Greeks.
4. The Code of Justinian, which is now referred to as the Corpus Juris, refers to a collection of works in jurisprudence, issued from 529 to 534.
5. The first part of the Code of Justinian – the Codex – ultimately united the Church and state.
Задание 46. Найдите соответствие между датой и правовым документом. Обратите внимание: одна дата лишняя.
| Дата | Правовой документ | ||
| 1) | 621 B.C. | a) | the Law Code of Justinian |
| 2) | 594 B.C. | b) | the Law Code of Draco |
| 3) | 529-534 A.D. | c) | the Law Code of Solon |
| 4) | 565 A.D. |
Задание 47. Завершите предложения.
1. The Greek system emphasized that laws could be changed …
2. Under Draco’s code … was the punishment for most offences.
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3. … revised the Law Code of Draco made Athenian law more …
4. The law code of Justinian was the first...
5. Justinian, after the creation of the code, stated that any reference to any other …
Задание 48. Переведите предложения с русского языка на английский.
1. Драконт – афинский законодатель.
2. Крайне суровые законы Драконта предусматривали только одно наказание – смертную казнь – за незначительные правонарушения и тяжкие преступления.
3. Кодекс Драконта датируют 621 г. до н.э. Возможно этот кодекс был первым записанным сводом афинских законов.
4. Позднее Солон отменил драконтовы законы и издал новые.
5. Согласно более гуманным законам Солона прежним осталось лишь наказание за убийство.
Задание 49. Ответьте на вопросы.
1. What does the ancient Greek concept of law comprise?
2. How do you understand the concept of natural law?
3. What is the origin and the meaning of the word “draconian”?
4. What was Solon’s contribution to ancient law?
5. What was Justinian’s contribution to ancient law?
Задание 50. Подготовьте краткий пересказ текста в соответствии со схемой:
1. The author believes...
2. Firstly the author points at...
3. Secondly the author supposes...
4. Thirdly the author thinks...
5. Finally the author concludes...
Text 6. NAPOLEON’S LAW
The 19th century brought widespread movements for national codifications, the first of which was the Napoleonic Code.
The laws of much of modern continental Europe owe their modern form largely to the work of a man who never even studied law. Napoleon Bonaparte, the Corsican soldier who became emperor of France after the French Revolution, and who set out to reform the French legal system in accordance with the ideas of the Revolution.
Before the Napoleonic Code, France did not have a single set of laws. Law consisted mainly of local customs. The Code was complete by 1801 but not published until 1804.
Some of its original 2,281 articles were drafted by Napoleon himself, and all were affected by his thinking, even though he was completely self-taught in legal matters. Others were based largely on the codified Roman laws set forth by the emperor Justinian in the 6th century.
The Code was a triumphant attempt to create a legal system that treated all citizens as equals without regard to their rank or previous privileges – the principles of civil liberty and equality before the law. The Code also recognized the secular character of the state. In addition it was so clearly written that it could be read and understood by ordinary people at a time when only Latin scholars could make sense of the earlier laws handed down since Roman times.
Although the Napoleonic Code was not the first civil code, it was one of the most influential. The development of the Napoleonic Code was a fundamental change in the nature of the civil law system, making laws clearer and more accessible. It formed the basis of the law systems across most of continental Europe and has had a lasting impact on civil law codes in other regions of the world, including the Middle East where it has been combined with the Islamic law.
Задание 51. Прочитайте текст.
Задание 52. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующим словосочетаниям на русском языке.
1. вопросы права;
2. изучать право;
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3. различные/несхожие правовые системы;
4. создавать правовую систему;
5. без учета привилегий;
6. гражданское право;
7. первоначальный вариант статей;
8. подвергаться влиянию чьих-либо идей;
9. господствовать, властвовать;
10. разобраться в чем-то;
Задание 53. Письменно переведите текст.
Задание 54. Найдите в тексте термины, соответствующие данным определениям.
1. _____ is a set of rules about how people should behave or about how something must be done.
2. _____ is a traditional and widely accepted way of behaving or doing something that is specific to a particular society, place, or time.
3. _____ is a period of social and political upheaval in France that lasted from 1789 until 1799, which overthrew the monarchy and established a republic.
4. _____ is a person who in 1799 joined a conspiracy becoming the supreme ruler of France. He declared himself emperor in 1804, and established an empire stretching from Spain to Poland. After defeats at Trafalgar (1805) and in Russia (1812), he abdicated and was exiled to the island of Elba (1814). He returned to power in 1815, but was defeated at Waterloo and exiled to the island of St Helena.
5. _____ is Byzantine emperor 527 – 565, who regained North Africa from the Vandals, Italy from the Ostrogoths, and Spain from the Visigoths and codified Roman law.
Задание 55. Подберите подходящий по смыслу ответ из предложенных вариантов и обоснуйте свой выбор двумя-тремя предложениями. Начните свой ответ одним из следующих выражений.
| Model: | a) I fully agree with the statement that... because... |
| b) I think that... because… |
1. The laws of much of modern continental Europe owe their modern form largely to the work of a man who …
a) was a legal expert.
b) set out to reform the Roman legal system.
c) was completely self-taught in legal matters.
d) created the first legal code.
2. The Napoleonic Code was enacted in …
a) 1789.
b) 1799.
c) 1801.
d) 1804.
3. Before the Napoleonic Code, French law consisted mainly of…
a) local customs.
b) national codifications.
c) the ideas of the Revolution.
d) the codified Roman laws.
4. The Napoleonic Code recognized …
a) local customs.
b) national codifications.
c) the secular character of the state.
d) Latin scholars.
5. The Napoleonic Code was an attempt to create a legal system that treated all citizens as …
a) experts in legal matters.
b) Latin scholars.
c) ordinary.
d) equals.
Задание 56. Выразите согласие/несогласие с утверждениями, используя следующие речевые модели.
| Model: | a) I think it is true. The text tells us that... |
| b) To my mind, it is false because... |
1. Original 2,281 articles of the Napoleonic Code were drafted by Napoleon himself.
2. Original 2,281 articles of the Napoleonic Code were based largely on the codified Roman laws set forth by the emperor Justinian in the 6th century.
3. Before the Napoleonic Code, France had a single set of laws.
4. The Napoleonic Code established the principles of civil liberty and equality before the law.
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5. The Napoleonic Code has had a lasting impact on civil law codes of much of modern continental Europe.
Задание 57. Завершите предложения.
1. The laws of much of modern continental Europe owe their modern form largely to the work of a man who …
2. The Napoleonic Code was published in …
3. The Napoleonic Code contained … articles.
4. The Napoleonic Code was an attempt to create a legal system that treated all citizens …
5. The development of the Napoleonic Code was a fundamental change in the nature of the … system of most of continental Europe.
Задание 58. Переведите предложения с русского языка на английский.
1. Одним из важнейших событий в истории европейского права стало принятие кодекса Наполеона.
2. Этот свод законов был введен в действие в 1804 году под названием Гражданского кодекса.
3. Главное в этом кодексе то, что он утверждал равенство всех перед законом и свободу совести.
4. Многие государства Европы и Америки продолжают руководствоваться правовыми принципами, изложенными в кодексе Наполеона.
Задание 59. Ответьте на вопросы.
1. What efforts did Napoleon make to reorganize the diverse legal systems of France?
2. Did Napoleon draw up the whole code himself?
3. What was so remarkable about Napoleon’s new code?
4. What were the benefits of Napoleon’s code for the ordinary people?
5. Which countries throughout the world still use the elements of Napoleon’s code?
Задание 60. Подготовьте краткий пересказ текста в соответствии со схемой:
1. The author believes...
2. Firstly the author points at...
3. Secondly the author supposes...
4. Thirdly the author thinks...
5. Finally the author concludes...
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