Католическая Церковь с точки зрения России

Римско-католическая Церковь имеет давнюю историю взаимоотношений с Россией/../
В силу того, что политический центр Католической Церкви располагается на территории государства Ватикан, являющегося субъектом международного права, его политическим оппонентом является государство Россия/../
Оппонентом католицизма в России выступает «православие», более точно – «русское православие», понимаемое, как комплекс особых, присущих только России (а потому истинных) черт православной жизни/../

Религия играет все большую роль в общественной жизни России. Религиозные вопросы становятся все более политизированными. Поэтому и видение Католической Церкви, как исключительно религиозной организации, отходит на второй план – взаимоотношения с Римом рассматриваются в комплексе с такими политическими проблемами, как:
– отношения с Западом и с объединенной Европой, како одной из его составляющих;
– глобализация, универсализация мировых информационных и финансовых потоков, включая те из них, которые имеют отношение к существованию религиозных структур;
– изменение социально-политического устройства России и построение в ней либерально-капиталистического общества;
– взаимоотношения между основными славянскими народами, входившими в состав бывшего СССР (русскими, украинцами, белорусами);
Кроме этого существуют еще и ряд других немаловажных аспектов российско-католических отношений, многие из которых связаны с культурно-историческими традициями, сложившимися в восприятии православным Востоком (особенно славянской его частью) католического Запада (на что накладывается острый православно-католический конфликт, существующий внутри славянства).

http://religion.russ.ru/problems/catolicism/20020719.html

ISLAM

Islam is the predominant religion in the Middle East, North Africa, and large part of Asia. Sizable communities are also found in China and Russia, and parts of the Balkans and the Caribbean. About 13% of Muslims live in Indonesia, the largest Muslim country, 31% in the Indian Subcontinent, and 20% in Arab countries. Converts and immigrant communities are found in almost every part of the world. Islam is the second-largest religion in the world and arguably the fastest growing religion in the world.

As a religion Islam is articulated by the Koran, a religious book considered by its adherents to be the verbatim word of the single incomparable God, and by the Prophet of Islam Muhammad 's demonstrations and real-life examples (called the Sunnah). Islam literally means submission to God. An adherent of Islam is a Muslim, meaning "one who submits to God".

Religious practices include the Five Pillars of Islam, which are five duties that unite Muslims into a community. Islamic law touches on virtually every aspect of life and society, encompassing everything from dietary laws and banking to warfare, welfare, and appropriate conditions for war. The vast majority of Muslims belong to one of two major denominations, the Sunni (87–90%) and the Shi'a ( 10–13%).

The main points of Islam are included in these five pillars:
First is the confession of faith known as the Shahadah. "There is no God but God, and Muhammad is His Prophet." The affirmation of a monotheistic belief and the faith in the authenticity of the Koran that Muhammad transmitted from God.

The second pillar is the canonical prayer. Muslims must stay constant in prayer and keep their lives in perspective. Submitting one's will to God's as it's rightful sovereign. Prayer must be done five times a day (unless there is a reasonable explanation not to). In the morning when you first wake up, when the sun reaches its zenith, when the sun reaches its mid decline, sunset, and before retiring for the evening.
The standard prayer consists of praise to God, gratitude to God and supplication.

Charity is the third pillar of Islam. Islam understands that not everyone is financially equal and the Koran states that 2 1/2% or an annual one-fortieth of the middle and upper class' income and holdings should be given to the poor.

The fourth pillar of Islam is the observance of Ramadan the month on the Islamic calendar that corresponds to Muhammad's initial revelation and his Hijrah from Mecca to Medina ten years later. It is a time for fasting during daylight hours. During evening hours food may be taken in moderation. The point behind fasting is to make you think, to teach self discipline, underscores your dependence on God, a reminder of human frailty and dependence and sensitizes compassion by allowing one to share the feeling of hunger.

The fifth pillar is pilgrimage. Once during his or her lifetime men and women should make the pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca where God's revelation was first revealed if they are financially able. The purpose is to heighten one's devotion to God. It is also a reminder of human equality for all pilgrims must dress in a sheet like garment that does not show rank or social status and allows people from all over the world to worship God without social restrictions.

The social teachings of the Koran are broad and encompass many aspects of Islamic life.

Economically a society's health requires goods be appropriately distributed. Wealth is to stay in circulation and business is to be encouraged as long as the guidelines set by the Koran are followed.

The role of women has greatly improved in the Arabic world due to the adoption of the Islamic faith. Before Islam women were treated with contempt and girls were even buried alive at birth. The Koran still leaves open the possibility of the equality of women depending on the customs of the Muslim nations as they become modernized. Islam sanctified marriage, required that a woman give free consent before marriage, and even included them in family inheritances, not fully but half of a man's, which is more that the previous nothing before Islam.

Racial equality is stressed in Islam. Racism has no precedent in Islam and cannot be accommodated to it.

Regarding the use of force, the Koran does not counsel pacifism as does Christianity but teaches forgiveness and the return of good for evil when the circumstances warrant. Justice requires that wrongdoers be punished to the full extent of the injury that they impart. Islam is not forced on others for in the Koran it is written - "Let there be no compulsion in religion".

There have been many misconceptions about the forcing of Islam on other peoples. Muslim conquerors were very lenient with other religions especially with Judaism and later Christianity. Islam has reached every corner of the world and even Muhammad has been regarded the most influential person in history.

Adapted from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam for learning purposes.

Exercises