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3.Study the explanation in the box
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3. Study the explanation in the box
| 1. Dis- употребляется для образования новых глаголов от уже имеющихся. Глаголы с приставкой dis- описывают действия, обратные тем, которые выражены исходными глаголами. Например, to arm (вооружать) – to disarm (разоружать). 2. Dis- употребляется для образования существительных и прилагательных от уже имеющихся в языке. Слова, образованные такими образом, описываются состояние, характеристику или качество, противоположное выраженным исходным прилагательным или существительным. Например, advantage (преимущество)– disadvantage (недостаток), similar(похожий) – dissimilar(непохожий) |
4. Form new words using the prefix dis-, translate them
| to agree | able | ||
| to obey | honest | ||
| to connect | order | ||
| to like | approval | ||
| to trust | organization | ||
| to cover | comfort | ||
| to assemble | assembly | ||
| to organize | harmony |
5. Read and translate the sentences. Note the disassemble and dismantle are synonyms
a) An overhauled (прошедший капремонт) engine is an engine which has been removed, disassembled, cleaned, inspected and repaired.
b) Repairs are carried out without complete disassembly of the engine. It includes replacement of individual broken parts.
c) Dismantling is a process which is carried out after every 10000 running hours.
6. Pair up, read the advertisement again and decide which workshop would you choose and why:
| Useful language: I choose basic/advanced workshop because I want - to practice my English - to learn more about… - to widen my knowledge of … - to gain experience in … |
Make an Enquiry about this workshop
| Name |
| Position |
| Message |
Verification Image 
7. Fill in the box (name) using the rules of transliteration
| А — A К — K Х — KH Б — B Л — L Ц — TS (TC) В — V М — M Ч — CH Г — G Н — N Ш — SH Д — D О — O Щ — SHCH Е — E, YE П — P Ъ — Ё — E, YE Р — R Ы — Y Ж — ZH С — S Ь — З — Z Т — T Э — E И — I У — U Ю — YU (IU) Й — Y (I) Ф — F Я — YA (IA |
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8. Write a message to the organizers of the workshop saying that you would like to enroll the workshop and asking how much it will cost
Before writing the message choose the alternative
| Greeting: Dear Mr. or Miss, | Dear Sirs or Madam, |
| Ending a message: Yours faithfully | Yours sincerely |
| Your signature: Sergey | Sergey Ivanov |
| Useful language: 1. I would like to _______________. 2. Please let me know _____________. I look forward to hearing from you. |
9. Swop your e-mails and check your partner’s e-mail
Homework. Write down names, surnames and addresses of your relatives. Use the rules of transliteration.
SUPPLEMENTARY READING
1. Read and translate the texts
Lorry vs Truck
Lorry and truck are two words that are often confused due to the appeared similarity in their meanings. Actually, there is some difference between the two words. It is important to know that both truck and lorry are vehicles used for different purposes. A truck is generally a smaller vehicle when compared to a lorry.
It is interesting to note that a truck is described as a light vehicle. On the other hand, a lorry is classified under heavy vehicles. This is one of the main differences between a truck and a lorry. It should be understood that a lorry is used for transporting heavy items and things such as logs of wood, machinery and the like. On the other hand, a truck is used to transport small items and light weight goods such as household articles and the like.
The driver of a lorry needs to be more skillful in driving the vehicle than the driver of a truck. It is interesting to note that in the US a truck refers to a vehicle for carrying heavy goods. In the Britain, it refers to an open railway carriage or wagon for carrying freight. It is important to know that trucks are used in railway stations and airports. On the other hand, lorries are used on the roads. These are the main differences between the two words truck and lorry.
Working of the Transmission
Speed control is done through the gear transmission. As you may know, this transmission is either manual or automatic. The torque generated in the flywheel is transmitted through the transmission system to the wheels. Gears help in deriving maximum torque from the flywheel and they help in adjusting the speeds. The torque is transmitted to the wheels, from the transmission, through the drive shaft. The drive shaft turns the axle and the wheels attached at the ends of it.
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Besides this, there are brakes which help in stopping the car, by absorbing the rotational torque. The accelerator causes it to move faster, by feeding more gasoline during every engine cycle. Another important part is the steering system of the car, which is a bit too complex for me to explain here. It is synchronized in such a way that when the car turns, the two wheels turn in the right turning radii. There are a lot many more aspects, which I haven't covered here, except the most important ones.
The modern automobile consists of about 14, 000 parts, divided into several structural and mechanical systems. These include the steel body, containing the passenger and storage space, which sits on the chassis or steel frame; the internal combustion gasoline engine, which powers the car by means of a transmission; the steering and braking systems, which control the car's motion; and the electrical system, which includes a battery, alternator, and other devices. Subsystems involve fuel, exhaust, lubrication, cooling, suspension, and tires. Though experimental vehicles were built in the 18th and mid-19th century, not until the 1880s did Gottlieb Daimler and Karl Benz in Germany begin separately to manufacture cars commercially. In the U. S., James and William Packard and Ransom Olds were among the first auto manufacturers, and by 1898 there were 50 U. S. manufacturers. Some early cars operated by steam engine, such as those made from c. 1902 by Francis E. and Freelan O. Stanley. The internal combustion engine was used by Henry Ford when he introduced the Model T in 1908; Ford would soon revolutionize the industry with his use of the assembly line. In the 1930s European manufacturers began to make small, affordable cars such as the Volkswagen. In the 1950s and '60s, U. S. automakers produced larger, more luxurious cars with more automatic features. In the 1970s and '80s Japanese manufacturers exported their small, reliable, fuel-efficient cars worldwide, and their increasing popularity spurred U. S. automakers to produce similar models.
The chassis
The chassis forms the complete operating unit and is capable of running with its own power. It is an assembly of a vehicle without body. The chassis includes frame, wheels, axles, springs, shock absorbers, engine, clutch, gearbox, propeller shaft and universal joints, differential and half shafts, steering, brakes and accelerator, fuel tank, storage battery, radiator, and silencer.
The engine is generally located at the front of the vehicle, followed by clutch, gear box, propeller shaft, universal joint, differential, rear axle etc. The drive from the gearbox is transmitted through a short shaft to the front universal joint of the propeller shaft. From the propeller shaft it is conveyed to the rear wheels through a sliding splined type of universal joint. The bevel gear of the short shaft is driven by the rear universal joint. This bevel gear meshes with a large bevel gear, which drives the two rear axle shafts through the differential gear.
Automobile structure
There are numerous types of motor vehicles: passenger cars, buses, trucks, tractors and others. Each of them serves quite a definite purpose.
Every automobile has the following components: engine, power train, chassis, body.
The engine is the power plant of the vehicle. It makes the car wheel rotate and the car move. In general, internal - combustion engines are used operating with some fuel (petrol, diesel oil). Depending on their combustion process, the engines are fundamentally classified as carburettor engines and diesel engines. Sometimes the carburettor engines are called heavy-oil engines. Another difference results from the working method of the internal-combustion engine. A difference is made, between four-stroke cycle engine and two-stroke cycle engine.
Everу engine includes the electric, fuel, cooling and lubricating systems.
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The chassis consists of a power train and a frame with axles, wheels and steering system as well. The power train carries the power from the engine to the car wheels and consists of the clutch, gear- box or transmission, propeller shaft, rear axle, final drive, differential and axle shafts.
The body has a hood and fenders and accessories: the heater, lights, radio, windshield wiper, convertible top raiser and so on.
Power Train
The power that the engine develops must be transmitted to the car wheels, so that the wheels will rotate and cause the car to move. The power train performs this job, providing in the process several different gear ratios between the engine crankshaft and wheels, so that the engine crankshaft may rotate approximately four, eight, or twelve times to cause the wheels to rotate once. The power train consists of a series of gears and shafts, which mechanically connect the engine shaft with the car wheels, and contains a clutch, a transmission or change gears, a propeller shaft, and the final drive.
Clutch. The clutch permits the driver to connect the crankshaft to or disconnect it from the power train. A clutch is necessary since the automobile engine must be started without load, that is without being required to deliver any power. In order for the engine to deliver power, the crankshaft must be rotating at a reasonable speed of several hundred revolutions per minute or more. The engine will start at speeds below 100 r. p. m. (revolutions per minute), but it would not continue to operate at this low speed if a load were immediately thrown on it. Consequently, a clutch is placed in the power train between the crankshaft and transmission. The clutch permits the engine to run freely without delivering power to the power train. It also permits operation of the transmission so that the various gear ratios between the engine crankshaft and wheels may be obtained.
The clutch consists essentially of a double-faced friction disk about a foot in diameter, which is splined to the clutch shaft, and a spring arrangement for forcing this disk tightly against the smooth face of the engine flywheel. The splines are internal teeth on the friction-disk hub and external teeth on the clutch shaft that permit relative axial movement but cause the disk and shaft to rotate together. The flywheel is attached to the end of the engine crankshaft, and when the clutch is engaged, the friction disk is held against the flywheel so that it revolves with the flywheel. This rotary motion is transmitted through the clutch and clutch shaft to the transmission and from there to the car wheels.
When the clutch foot pedal is depressed, the clutch fork lever moves against the clutch throw out bearing, forcing the bearing inward. This operates release levels that take up the spring pressure so that pressure against the friction disk is relieved and it can move away from the flywheel face. When this happens, the friction disk and shaft stop revolving. When the foot pressure on the clutch pedal is removed, the springs again force the friction disk against the flywheel face, so that it once more rotates with the flywheel.
Transmission. The transmission or change gears provide a means of varying the gear ratios of the engine crankshaft and the wheels. Thus, the engine crankshaft may turn four, eight, or twelve times for each wheel revolution (approximately). In addition, a reverse gear is provided that permits backing the car.
The varying gear ratios are necessary since the gasoline engine does not develop much power at low engine speeds: it must be turning at a fairly high speed in order to deliver enough power to start the car moving. Thus, on first starting, the gears are placed in low-speed so that the engine crankshaft will turn approximately 12 times for each wheel revolution. The clutch is then engaged, so that power is applied to the wheels. Car speed increases with engine speed until the car is moving 5 or 10 miles per hour, at which time the engine crankshaft may be turning as many as 2, 000 r. p. m. The clutch is then disengaged and the engine crankshaft speed reduced to permit gear changing; the gears are shifted into second, and the clutch is again engaged. Since the ratio is now about 8: 1, a higher car speed is obtained as engine speed is again increased. The gears are then shifted into high, the clutch being disengaged and engaged for this operation, so that the ratio between the engine and wheels will be approximately 4: 1. In other words, the engine crankshaft will turn four times to cause the wheels to turn once.
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Gears. Before we further consider the transmission and the final drive, it is well to take a look at gear construction. The relative rotation between two meshing gears (or the gear ratio) is determined by the number of teeth in the gears. When two meshing gears have the same number of teeth, they will both turn at the same speed.
When one gear has more teeth than the other, however, the smaller gear will turn more rapidly than the larger one. Thus a gear with 24 teeth will turn half as fast as a gear with only 12 teeth, and the gear ratio between the two gears is 2: 1. If the 12-tooth gear were meshed with a 36-tooth gear, the 12-tooth gear would turn three times for every revolution of the larger gear. The gear ratio between these gears would be 3: 1.
Operation of Transmission. Essentially, the transmission consists of three shafts, and eight gears of various sizes. Four of the gears are rigidly connected to the countershaft. One of the countershaft gears is permanently meshed with the driving gear on the end of the clutch shaft. When the engine is running and the clutch is engaged, the countershaft is rotating in a direction opposite or counter to the rotation of the driving gear. With the gears in neutral and the car stationary, the transmission main shaft is not turning. The transmission main shaft is mechanically connected by shafts and gears in the final drive to the car wheels. The two gears on the transmission main shaft may be shifted back and forth along the splines on the shaft by operation of the gearshift lever in the driving compartment. The splines are matching internal and external teeth that permit axial movement of the gears but cause the gears and shaft to rotate together.
Low Gear. When the gearshift lever is operated to place the gears in low, the large gear on the transmission main shaft is moved along the shaft until it meshes with the small gear on the countershaft. The clutch is disengaged for this operation so that the clutch shaft and countershaft stop rotating. When the clutch is again engaged, the transmission main shaft is caused to rotate as the driving gear on the clutch shaft drives it through the countershaft. Since the countershaft is turning more slowly than the clutch shaft, and since the small countershaft gear is engaged with the large transmission main shaft gear, a gear reduction of approximately 3: 1 is achieved; that is, the clutch shaft turns three times for each revolution of the transmission main shaft. Further gear reduction in the final drive at the rear wheels produces a still higher gear ratio (approximately 12: 1) between the engine crankshaft and the wheels.
Second Gear. When the clutch is operated and the gearshift lever moved to second, the large gear on the transmission main shaft disengages from the small countershaft gear. The smaller transmission main shaft gear is slid into mesh with the large countershaft gear. This provides a somewhat reduced gear ratio, so that the engine crankshaft turns only about twice to the transmission main shafts once. The final drive-gear reduction increases this gear ratio to approximately 8: 1.
High Gear. When the gears are shifted into high, the two gears on the transmission main shaft are disengages from the countershaft gears, and the smaller transmission-shaft gear is forced axially against the driving gear. Teeth on the ends of the two gears mesh so that the transmission main shaft turns with the clutch shaft, and a ratio of 1: 1.
Automobile Braking System
Every motor vehicle is to be equipped with two independent brakes. Each brake must be able to stop the vehicle within the shortest distance. Above all, braking of a vehicle depends on the friction between tires and road surface.
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Brakes operate most efficiently when they are applied so that the wheels do not quite lock but continue to turn without slipping on the road.
The force of the slipping friction between tires and road is much smaller than the brake power. In addition, the wheel loses all of its road-holding ability and tends to skidding.
In order to utilize the whole wheel load, i. e. the total ground adhesion of a vehicle for its braking, all vehicles are now equipped with all-wheel brakes.
Almost without any exception, motor-vehicle brakes are " shoe-type brakes. " Depending on their actuation, a difference is made between foot brakes and hand brakes. The foot brake is also called service brake, while the hand brake is called parking brake. However, the parking brake should not be considered as an interior brake.
According to their mode of operation, the brakes are classified as mechanical (rod-linkage and cable-operated) brakes, hydraulic brakes (oil brakes), air brakes.
Depending on their action on the front or rear wheels or on the drive, the brakes are classified as front-wheel brakes, rear-wheel brakes or transmission brakes respectively.
Besides, brakes are classified as external-contracting or internal-expanding brakes.
Modern motor vehicles are almost exclusively equipped with internal expanding brakes acting on all the wheels of the car.
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