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Проанализируйте и переведите следующие предложения.
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1. China yesterday attacked a US Senate resolution condemning Chinese human rights violations, adding to tensions between the two giants.
Вчера китайская делегация выступила с критикой в сторону резолюции сената США, осуждающую нарушения прав человека в Китае, что привело к усилению напряжения, возникшего между двумя гигантами.
2. The US President is scheduled to make a four-day, four-nation swing through Central America.
В планы Президента США входит четырехдневная поездка, в ходе которой предполагается посещение четырех государств Центральной Америки.
Антигуа и Барбуда, Аруба, Багамские острова, Барбадос, Белиз, Гаити, Гватемала, Гондурас, Гренада, Доминика, Доминиканская республика, Каймановы острова, Коста-Рика, Куба, Мексика, Монтсеррат, Никарагуа, Панама, Сальвадор, Сент-Винсент и Гренадины, Сент-Кенттс и Невис, Сент-Люсия, Тринидат и Тобаго, Ямайка
3. The conservative parties' petition against the plan (to give citizenship to millions of foreigners in Germany) was counterproductive, he said, and would encourage xenophobia and bolster extreme-right groups.
По его словам прошение консерваторов об отклонении данного плана, задача которого заключалась в предоставлении гражданства миллионам иностранцев в Германии, только ухудшило положение всех дел и будет способствовать развитию ксенофобии и укреплению позиций правых экстремистских организаций.
4. Order books and industrial confidence have weakened significantly since last spring, while industrial-production growth also has slowed during the past year.
Книги заказов и деловой оптимизм в значительной мере потускнели с прошлой весны, равно как и рост промышленной продукции снизил свои темпы за прошедший год.
5. She is one of her party's most active and successful fund-raisers and has used her political action committee to funnel campaign contributions to other House Representatives.
Она одна из самых активных и успешных работников партии в сфере сбора средств и использует свой комитет политических действий, чтобы переводить (перераспределить) средства, полученные в ходе кампаний, на нужды других членов палаты представителей
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6....the public-safety commissioner of Birmingham, Ala., was ready to use water canons and attack dogs on a group of civil rights demonstrators.
Специальный уполномоченный по делам общественной безопасности города Бирмингем (штат Алабама) был готов применить брандспойт и служебных собак к группе демонстрантов, отстаивающих гражданские права.
7. However, domestic-based American export industry will lose the dominant-currency advantage it has enjoyed for 50 years.
В любом случае, деятельность по экспорту товаров на внутренний рынок Америки перестанут считать основным путем обращения денежных средств, каковым она являлась на протяжении 50 лет.
1....резолюцию Сената США,...нарушения прав человека в Китае,...; 2....четырехдневный тур по четырем странам...; 4....портфели заказов и атмосфера уверенности в промышленности...; 13....сокращения заработной платы и средств пенсионных фондов,...ранее осуществленные меры по сокращению расходов...;
8. Among the other provisions of the administration's new crime package are background checks for buyers at gun shows, a lifetime ban on gun possession by juveniles convicted of certain violent crimes, and child safety locks on all guns.
Среди прочих условий нового постановления администрации о борьбе с коррупцией и преступностью упоминается о наведении справок о покупателях, совершающих сделки на выставках оружия, запрете на владение оружием несовершеннолетними, в случае если ими совершались какие-либо насильственные преступления, а также об обязательном наличии у оружия предохранителей, не позволяющих ребенку воспользоваться оружием.
9. Major donor nations promised Cambodia $470 million in aid, but they linked it to implementation of political and social reforms in the pov erty stricken nation.
Государства, составляющие основу финансирования, пообещали Камбоджи 470 миллионов долларов в качестве помощи, но приурочили это к введению политических и социальных реформ в государстве, охваченном (пораженном) нищетой.
10. The prewar corporate world was more loosely structured, allowing smart, ambitious women to break out of the secretarial ranks.
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Промышленный мир в довоенное время имел более шаткое устройство, что позволило умным, инициативным женщинам вырваться из секретарских рядов.
11. The Santo Clara company, the world's biggest chipmaker, was expected to discuss encryption and other information-security issues at an industry conference that began Monday in San Jose, California.
Ожидалось, что на промышленной конференции, начавшейся в понедельник в Сан Хосе (Калифорния) компания Санто Клара, крупнейший производитель чипсов в мире, будет обсуждать шифрование и другие проблемы, связанные с безопасностью информации.
12. The euro zone is facing a short-lived growth slump because of problems in Brazil and other regions across the globe, the president of the European Central Bank said.
По словам президента Европейского центрального банка, Еврозона испытывает скачок кратковременного роста из-за проблем в Бразилии и других регионах по всему земному шару.
13. Apart from pay and pension fund cuts, the earlier cost-cutting moves included lower utility, transport and rental costs.
Помимо, сокращений пенсионного фонда и фонда выплат, ранние шаги к снижению затрат предусматривали более низкую арендную плату и стоимость коммунальных и транспортных услуг.
14. Home Office spokesman said yesterday that their policy was not to disclose any information about a taxpayer or his affairs without his prior consent.
Представитель Министерства внутренних дел заявил вчера, что цель их политики не заключалась в том, чтобы обнародовать информацию о налогоплательщике или его делах без данного на то согласия со стороны самого налогоплательщика.
15. The announcement of assistance to Cambodia by 17 donor countries and six international finance organizations was made at the close of the two-day Consultative Group Meeting for Cambodia.
На закрытии двухдневного собрания консультативной группы, посвященного вопросам Камбоджи, было сделано заявление о предоставлении помощи Камбоджи семнадцатью финансирующими государствами и шестью международными финансовыми организациями.
16. The Treasurer introduced a Bill to implement the Government's plan to give preferential taxation treatment to life insurance companies.
17. Bangladeshis went to work and schools Friday, to recoup losses suffered from a three-day anti-government strike that paralyzed the country's main cities and claimed seven lives.
18. In Suburbia live one-third of the nation, who represent every patch of democracy's hand-stitched quilt, every economic layer, every laboring and professional pursuit in the country.
19. Suburbia is the nation's broadening young middle class, staking out its claim across the landscape, prospecting on a trial-and-error balance for the good way of life for itself and for the children that it produces with such rapidity.
20. The United Nations' Drugs Control Programme (UNDCP) could become the centerpiece of a special session of the UN General Assembly in June, leading to a new global drug-control convention to replace the cat's-cradle of existing accords.
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21. This [the elections to the new Scottish parliament] has been perhaps the first revolution (how else do you describe the re-establishment of a nation's government?) that has been conducted by pen-pushing committees of lawyers, clergymen and accountants rather than cells of bearded radicals.
22. Unfortunately, his choices on Europe are likely to be more complicated than a clash between a forward-looking embrace of Europe, and a backward-looking scepticism
23. If Mr. Blair is not careful enough [with the modernisation of the welfare state] he could end up with a mess, like Mr. Clinton's ill-fated health-care reforms.
24. Britain's classrooms face collapse. This stark warning comes from the government's own official schools inspectors who issued their latest annual report yesterday.
And their devastating indictment of the impact of the cuts wrung the admission from Education Secretary that every third school did not have enough books and every fifth school did not have enough teachers.
25. Canada's defence industry is up in arms over changes to US export control regulations that have eliminated Canada's long-standing exemption from certain US export licensing requirements.
26. Backing Thursday's mass lobby was the first decision taken by delegates from 30 union organisations called together by steel workers action groups at the weekend to set up a grass-roots Fight Back for jobs movement.
27. The Japanese government, and some economists elsewhere, have proposed that Europe, the United States and Japan set exchange rate “target zones” so as to re-establish the stable international currency relationships that existed under the Bretton Woods system and ended when the United States “floated” the dollar in 1971.
28. The war in Guatemala, which began in 1960, pitted a rightist military-controlled government against a classic Latin American leftist insurgency.
29. Credit Lyonnais's privatisation arrangements will be published after discussions with the European Commission, officials at the French Finance Ministry said.
30. The broad network of community, trade union, professional, senior citizen, and public interest groups that organized the state's Citizen Labor Energy Coalition is the decisive force in the current struggle.
31. The economic assistance package was discussed briefly during a private briefing of the Senate Appropriations Committee by senior officials from the Departments of State and Defence, and the CIA.
32. Coupled with the spending and tax proposals were changes in the federal regulatory process and monetary policy.
33. When recession suggests a continent-wide need for stimulus, the pressure will be on the member states (of the EU) to create some sort of joint fiscal decision-making mechanism
34. When mothers return to their jobs, reliable, affordable child care is provided by a vast network of government-backed neighborhood day- care centers
35. John Kasich, the 46-year-old House budget chairman, is a populist fighting “ corporate welfare” tax cuts for big business. And he's a maverick who helped Democrats try to kill spending for the B-2 bomber and pass a ban on assault weapons.
36. In the past few years coordination agencies have been created by the Government to include a Foreign Exchange Committee and an Internal Finance Committee, and the Central Bank and the Ministries of Finance, Commerce and State Enterprises exert some influence in this sphere.
37. A week of county council election opened in England and Wales yesterday when Monmouthshire and Norfolk went to the polls.
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38. Public support for the railway strike decision is growing. This is shown in an opinion poll published in yesterday's Mail.
39. The protest is against National Coal Board redundancy notices to 140 miners, mainly young men under 21, which take effect today.
40. An official from Taiwan's China Development Corporation, the island's biggest investment group, has described the current condition as a “ once-in-a-lifetime opportunity.”
41. Reflecting on last week's disastrous local election results most Labour MPs have at last realized that their Prime Minister's home and foreign policies are vote-losers
42. The get-rich-quick mania also plays into people's natural competitiveness and, often, deep-seated feelings of inadequacy.
43. Only one-quarter of the world's synoptic surface weather observation posts are below the Equator.
44. The three month United Nations World Trade and Development Conference, which was attended by representatives of 122 Governments, was called the Little General Assembly.
45. Now the Civil Rights Commission, in two days of open hearings, has turned the spotlight on the near-ghetto conditions in which Blacks live in the only major city in the country where they are in a majority.
46. The three-man UN mission leaves London today after four days of talks with the British Government. The mission yesterday described the London talks as “useful”.
47. The president has ordered up a war. A humanitarian crisis has erupted. And the Republicans? Save for the predictable isolationism of Pat Buchanan and the direct we're-in-it-let's-win-it response of John McCain, they're flummoxed — and it's gone from bad to worse.
48. Several magistrates are staying away from the civic luncheon being given by the Labour-controlled city magistrates.
49. Paradoxically, the poll returns mean that he will be able to go ahead with his plan to introduce a pay-as-you-earn income tax scheme, which had been the main issue of the elections.
50. The contest, also held on May 6th but on traditional first-past-the-post rules, produced some grossly skewed results.
51. Most of British men who came to adulthood in the first half of the century had stay-at-home wives and manual jobs.
52. The country has become an anything-goes, chaotically libertarian society
53. Members of Parliament of all shades last night in the Commons fought a genuine, no-holds-barred scrap over the fate of Britain's unemployment.
54. The Prime Minister back-to-hearth-and-kitchen reproach to women – many of whom will themselves feel very angry at her attempt to make them feel guilty for going out to work – comes at the end of a year of attacks on provision for children.
55. There was never a promise to aid an uprising lest it result in the fragmenting of the Iraqi state with who-knows-what consequences for the region's balance of power.
56. Far more questionable are the restrictions proposed for the state- financed unemployment benefit programs for the short-term unemployed
57. Civil Service unions, who staged a one-day nationwide protest walkout Monday against government pay curbs, threatened widespread chaos at airports at midnight Thursday, aimed at U.S. airliners.
58. The report listed a whole range of tax-deductible items available to companies, including company houses, yachts for entertaining overseas clients and even company racehorses.
59. The author criticized the American reporters for relying too much on interviews and too little on documented evidence, for chasing too many spot stories and spending too little time examining long-term trends
60. It was disquieting to learn the other day that a CIA-led task force has proposed removing many current restraints on collecting information on Americans — on Americans, moreover, neither accused nor suspected of committing any crime.
61. Gun control has been a hotly debated national issue for the last two decades. But with every assassination and attempted assassination, public outcries for effective national controls have been followed either by congressional inaction or passage of such weak legislation that gun-control proponents have branded it of little use.
62. The sources said the US President was reluctant to take part in a North-South summit meeting after a eight-nation economic summit meeting.
63. “These supply-oriented policies are directed at the medium-term,” the panel said. “If they are successful, it will raise the international competitiveness of German products.”
64. Militant regional leaders of Britain's miners defied a return-to- work order from their national union Thursday, declaring mistrust of the Conservative government despite its abrupt turnaround over threatened pit closures.
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65. The cool, pragmatic premier lately had come under a barrage of criticism from the right-wing and others in his faction-ridden Union of the Democratic Center, which was supposed to have begun its second congress Thursday on the island of Majorca.
66. The left, they [centre-right politicians] concede has done better at presenting itself as a source of reassurance, a comforting pair of hands to protect ordinary people against the wicked forces of unfettered market economics. The New Left stands for a kind of anti-post-cold-war-capitalist triumphalism, which plays mercilessly on the caricature of an unfeeling Right.
67. Sanyo Electric expects to show record profit and sales figures for the year ending next Nov. 30, company president said Tuesday. He said after-tax profit for the period will rise.
68. The tricky job of unemployment-benefit policy-makers is thus to provide adequate compensation to allow worker adjustment to necessary economic change without, at the same time, interfering with labor markets by promoting worker turnover, increasing payroll costs and pro longing unemployment.
69. Mere mention of the Senate Democrats these days calls to mind a row of chin-on-fist Rodin figures, all of course called The Rethinkers. But we suspect those ostensibly “rethinking” Democrats we have been hearing so much about are going to have to give some early and careful thought to their opposition role. It is one with which they are unfamiliar and, some would say, for which they are temperamentally breathtakingly unsuited. The tension on their side of the aisle (and, in a way, within the Democratic majority in the House as well) is likely to be between the hothead, fight-everything, obstruct-wherever-you-can folks and those (soon to be called “sell-outs”) who will be arguing the old line about restraint and being seen to be helping the administration govern.
70. “However, the of-necessity somewhat hypocritical nature of a number of our findings and their dependence on certain political, biological and technical assumptions is a feature they share with many contemporary planning schemes,” he said.
71. Such divisions [in the president's party] exist on trade, for example. Mr. Clinton's economic team, is by and large supportive of trade liberalisation, whereas the labour-union base of the Democratic Party is hostile. This explains why Mr. Clinton never made a convincing case for fast-track trade-negotiating authority, which Congress consequently blocked.
72. In one breath senior Republicans are calling for a national dialogue on tax reform to simplify the country's distorted tax code. In another, they are clamouring for an end to the “ marriage tax penalty” — the fact that many couples pay more taxes if they marry than if they remain single. Ending this “penalty” implies an expensive, loophole-creating tax cut within the existing system.
НЕОЛОГИЗМЫ
Неологизмы – это новые слова, еще не зарегистрированные в англо-русских словарях, или не зафиксированные словарями новые значения слов, уже существующих в языке.
Для уяснения значения неологизма рекомендуется: 1) выяснить значение слова из контекста, 2) обратиться к последнему изданию одного из англо-русских или англо-английских словарей и попытаться отыскать данное слово в разделе «Новые слова», 3) постараться выяснить значение нового слова, исходя из его структуры.
При переводе неологизмов используются следующие переводческие приемы: 1) транскрипция, 2) транслитерация, 3) калькирование, 4) описательный перевод.
1. Примеры транскрибирования неологизмов: beatniks битники, beatles битлзы, briefing брифинг, p. r. (public relations) – пиар
2. Транслитерация в настоящее время практически не употребляется: inauguration инаугурация, Benelux Бенелюкс
3. Примеры калькирования неологизмов (т.е. воспроизведения средствами русского языка значения и морфологической структуры нового английского слова или словосочетания): air bridge воздушный мост, shadow cabinet теневой кабинет, nuclear umbrella ядерный зонтик, brain trust мозговой трест
4. Примеры описательного перевода: to lobby посылать делегатов для оказания давления на членов парламента – депутатов их округа, deterrent средство устрашения, сдерживающее средство, оружие, redundancy увольнение по сокращению штатов, landslide полная (блестящая) победа на выборах, gimmick трюк, штучка, хитроумное приспособление, какое-либо новшество, направленное на то, чтобы привлечь всеобщее внимание, brain drain эмиграция квалифицированных кадров («утечка умов»), brain washing идеоло- гическая обработка («промывание мозгов»), hawks and doves сторонники расширения войны и сторонники мира («ястребы и голуби»), brain power квалифицированные кадры, brain tank мозговой трест, brain bank банк информации, think tank исследовательская группа, мозговой трест, резервуар научных кадров, научный центр, fact sheet перечень (документ о) фактических данных, skinheaded бритоголовые (часто о фашиствующей молодежи); low profile скромный, малозаметный, high profile яркий, очень заметный, выдающийся, runaways предприятия, переведенные на другую территорию или за границу
Образование неологизмов.
1. Расширение значения. Слово, употребленное в различных контекстах, приобретает новые оттенки значения, а в ряде случаев и новые значения Так, слово confrontation первоначально означало очная ставка, сличение, сопоставление С течением времени это слово стало употребляться в словосочетании confrontation of armed forces и приобрело значение соприкосновение вооруженных сил. В настоящее время слово confrontation приобрело значение (открытое) столкновение, противостояние, противоборство. Такие слова, как deterrent, redundancy, landslide и другие, также изменяли свое значение в связи с возникновением новой ситуации, возникшей потребности.
Так, например, прилагательное “green” расширило свое первоначальное значение и в различных сочетаниях в разное время означало: a green revolution — «зеленая» революция (революция в сельском хозяйстве ряда развивающихся стран, связанная с введением продуктов, полученных с использованием генной инженерии); the “greens” — доллары; green power — власть денег; the Green Party — партия «зеленых» (например, в Германии), выступающая в защиту окружающей среды; to do smth. in a “green” way — делать что-либо экологически чистым путем.
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