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Предложения для перевода на смешанные трудности
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1. Сделайте синтаксический и грамматический анализ следующих предложений и переведите их, обращая внимание на перевод различных функций инфинитива, герундия и причастия.
1. But just when they need time to work through their promising changes and help from the United States in completing them the European allies risk running into political static in Washington because of U.S. wishes to recast NATO in a role approximating a global policeman – a futuristic vision of the alliance that European policymakers see as premature now, and perhaps forever.
2. The European Commission argues that «unfair tax competition» among EU countries distorts the single market – by allowing low-tax countries, or heavens, to attract capital from high-tax jurisdictions – and indirectly contributes to Europe's high unemployment rates by shifting taxation from capital to labour.
3. Europe seemed to find its footing in NATO's post Cold-war posture, finally making a promising start on European military cooperation demonstrating a new readiness to use force and pulling down barriers to consolidating its national defence companies into Europe - wide industries.
4. “Truths!” Charles de Gaulle is supposed to have shouted. “Did you think I could have created a [Free French] government against the English and the Americans with truths? You make History with ambition, not with truths”.
5. Taken with the smooth closure this year of alliance enlargement to include new members from Central Europe, there seems to be much to celebrate next year when Washington hosts ceremonies marking the anniversary of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
6. If the Parliament insists on pushing through a policy forged in the heat of an election campaign rather than out of the calm consideration and consultation that the Parliament's committee structure is supposed to encourage, ministers in London will have to accept the anomaly or follow suit.
7. Attempts to strengthen common foreign and security policy, the EU's “second pillar”, by importing majority voting or incorporating the Western European Union, Europe's defence club, into the EU, look like failing.
The biggest changes are likely to come in the “third pillar”: justice and home affairs.
8. Considered on the fringes of legality because of its liberal views, the Freedom Movement (of Iran) has been allowed to field four candidates for the 15 municipal council seats in Tehran.
9. Built-in encryption also could make it easier to add access controls to PC's and routinely scramble all stored data, making it harder to steal computer resources or files.
10. The deal struck by European Union governments at their Berlin summit leaves both their budget and their enlargement plans in a worse state than before.
11. “The Brazilian government move highlights the difficulty of implementing a deep belt-tightening in a country in which more than 40 percent of the population live in poverty”, said an analyst in New York.
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12. In remarks focusing heavily on his so-called new Labour government policy – which seeks to marry social justice and workers' rights with a pro-business market-oriented economic policy – Mr. Blair heaped praise on South Africa.
13. Thousands of people rampaged Friday through the town, hurling stones at police stations and looting shops. Police fired plastic bullets at the mobs, killing at least one person and wounding nine.
14. “Boston college has wronged me and my students by caving into right-wing pressure and depriving me of my right to teach freely and depriving them of the opportunity to study with me,” said Mary Daly, 70, an associate professor of the college in a telephone interview.
15. No sooner had the European Commission resigned than the Prime Minister popped up in the House of Commons to tell MPs that this was no setback but a golden opportunity to push through “root and branch” reform of a Commission whose failings had been tolerated for far too long. Stretching a point, he boasted that it was his lot that had brought the Commission down.
16. The vice-president began by allaying fears that he would burden business with a green and heavy hand: government has its place as long as government knows its place, he said, adding that slump in the developing world makes growth a top priority for governments.
17. Until then [1918] the infant Labour party had been the junior of the Liberals, helping them to win their landslide victory of 1906 and to enact a sweeping programme of social, and constitutional reform in great part inspired and led by Lloyd George.
18. These universities (Oxford and Cambridge) were rural rather than urban, and therefore residential, they took a collegiate form. Their function was not only to train the young for the professions, but to preserve the heritage of the past and transmit it to succeeding generations and to prepare them morally as well as intellectually for the larger duties of government and society.
19. Boeing executives suspect commission officials of passing on in side information about airline contracts to airbus officials in Toulouse. For that reason the Seattle company has been rather vague in some of its answers to the commission's requests for information, while formally co operating with its inquiry.
The commission is making a habit of interfering with firms from out side the EU when it thinks that competition is likely to be lessened.
20. Germany has complained strongly to Washington about restrictions facing foreign companies seeking to enter the US telecommunications market. Germany's finance minister expressed concern at the discretionary powers of the Federal Communications Commission to restrict access which, he said, could result in foreign companies being denied access to the US market “for general foreign policy or trade policy reasons.”
21. A college education is often a collection of courses without any connecting fiber. Yet decision-making is a function of being able to integrate what seems like unrelated variables, and understanding the balance between analytical and intuitive skills. Without knowing these variables, it is impossible to determine what information is needed, know how and where to get the information and select the information that is pertinent.
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22. In facing up to the dangers, and living up to the importance of his task, President Kim [of South Korea] has made a good start. But to understand that start, and to get the measure of what is required of him in future, it is vital to ditch the idea that he is a “left-winger” who is be coming, or has to become, a convert to free-market ideas once anathema to him. That is so partly because such labels are everywhere much less helpful than they were, but partly, also because in South Korea's circumstances (and Mr. Kim's) they are especially misleading.
2. Сделайте синтаксический и грамматический анализ следующих предложений и переведите их, обращая внимание на страдательный залог, сослагательное наклонение и модальные глаголы.
1. The place that scores highest in the coming superpower test is, beyond much doubt, China. China's economy may not keep up its dizzy growth of the past 15 years, but even something more modest – an entirely possible 5-6% a year, say – would be enough to create a serious amount of power-projection over the next quarter of a century. That means a Chinese navy which can reach out into the Pacific; an army and air force capable of quickly putting an expeditionary force on to a foreign battlefield; and an expansion of China's existing long-range nuclear armoury. China may or may not be able within this period to match the electronics of America's military command-and-control system but, even without that it will be a formidable power.
2. Most cases that come to the European Court of Justice are about en forcing single-market rules. A famous example was the 1979 ruling which said that a product approved for sale in one country must be accepted by others. This paved the way for mutual recognition of standards to become a cornerstone of the single market.
3. The future of EMU (European Monetary Union) is shrouded in political uncertainty. The right kind of EMU would leave governments maximum sway in other aspects of policy. There is no reason in logic why a single currency should oblige governments to “harmonise” their tax or labour-market policies, for in stance, and one good reason of political economy why any such thing should be opposed – namely, that harmonization enlarges the power of the state at the expense of individual freedom, whereas competition among governments (the alternative to harmonization) does the opposite. Yet many of Europe's politicians seek harmonization as an end in itself, others would accept more of it as the price for more effective action to reduce unemployment, promote competitiveness or what you have.
4. Reviewing earlier research and drawing on new work for this book, Messrs Dollar and Pritchett establish, first, that the raw correlation between aid and growth is near zero: more aid does not mean more growth. Perhaps other factors mask an underlying link, they concede; perhaps aid is deliberately given to countries growing very slowly (creating a misleading negative correlation between aid and growth, and biasing the numbers).
5. More of the new rich may discover philanthropy and good manners, just as the Astors did before them. But there is one difference. Much of the new pain, like much of the new wealth, is being created not by the rich but by globalisation. Already several politicians seem to be taking aim at the “winner-takes-all society”. It is not hard to imagine talk of supertaxes or higher trade barriers to stop the injustice. But that might turn out to be like trying to ram an iceberg.
6. The back-to basics advocates will be surprised to learn that Japanese teachers are nothing like as authoritarian as they have assumed, and there is more learning-by-experiment and less by rote than is often claimed..
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7. Sweden, even this Mecca of equality can't reconcile the female dilemma of balancing family and career.
A whole new employment crisis could be closing in on the European Union. The population is shrinking, in some countries drastically, and that means fewer taxpayers to keep the social safety net hanging together.
8. The Americans are irritated by what they consider to be tax havens, some just off their coast (the Caribbean territories), perfectly placed to launder the earning of Latin American drug barons. (Drugs are thought to be the primary source of dirty money).
9. The British, and other big countries trying to crack down on money laundering, fear that it may prove impossible. After all, as the report noted last month, no sooner has one loophole been closed than another opens. Illicit cash can be laundered through a whole variety of frauds using property, construction, insurance, stockbroking, foreign exchange, gold or jewellery.
10. Mr. McCarthy, the Cayman's finance secretary, recently accused G7 countries of “trying to impose their political will on the less strong”. Such noble concerns for human rights and for the weak might resonate more widely were it not that some offshore centres still enforce repressive social legislation, while thriving, in part, on the proceeds of crime.
11. The banks cannot blame all their woes on outside events. There are 25 new commercial banks that eagerly sought licences when the rules were liberalised. Many lent inadvisedly, often to their business affiliates. Much of the money went into property. Other loans went straight into the stock market. As it slumped so more loans went into default.
12. Spare a thought for Indonesia's bank doctors. Most of their patients became fatally ill last year, but in the interest of dignity they have to announce the deaths in instalments.
The announcement was greeted warmly by the World Bank and the IMF, which had scolded the government for delaying it.
13. Joseph Warren was a hero of the magnitude of Washington, Jefferson, or Lincoln. A medical doctor, he was a leader of the Sons of Liberty, a friend of Sam and John Adams, and he organized against tyranny and oppression. He conjured a sense of what a virtuous American people could do to rescue humanity from degradation at the hands of brutes and bullies.
14. China's improved infrastructure, increased know-how and better direct trade connections to the world mean that Hong Kong's ability to command the situation has been diminished,
15. Mr. Blair needs no reminding that the throw-the-rascals-out mood that gave the government its landslide had much to do with Mr. Major's broken promises of lower taxes. If Mr. Blair breaks his, he cannot expect to be forgiven.
16. More and more Swedish women work part-time and the majority are clustered in the public sector, in lower-paying occupations like teaching and nursing.
17. Just as the Scots throughout the 1980s lamented being governed by English politicians they had not elected, so the English – in time – may resent the Scottish say over their affairs.
18. The US President plans to call for a new round of global trade negotiations during his State of the Union address today. The talks would target industrial tariffs, agriculture, services, intellectual property, labour rights and environmental protection.
19. The president was to be wined, dined and entertained, but he was also expected to be confronted with demonstrations and protests. A demonstration was planned by environmental groups to protest the alleged reneging by the United States on promises to limit fallout of acid rain on Canada.
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20. The House of Representatives will begin deliberations Tuesday on a bill to increase transportation aid to cities.
The nation's handicapped are demanding the bill include regulations requiring cities with mass transit systems to improve facilities for handicapped and disabled people.
A bill on mass transit passed the Senate in June, and supporters are pushing for passage in the lame duck House session. They anticipate a tougher battle should the bill have to face next year's more conservative Congress.
21. What the Prime Minister has to do is to convince a basically conservative government and business establishment at home that changes must be made for Japan to continue as either an economic or political power. At the same time he must move away from the old, tired promises of his predecessors and convince the international community that his nation has at last recognized the need and has the will to take a more meaningful role in the international arena (with all that it implies). Given the pressure both at home and abroad the going is bound to be rough but present premier just could be the one to pull it off. His seemingly passive form of government may well in the end be recognized as the most active of the postwar era.
22. For the teachers the inspectors have only praise. Their attitude “is of professional commitment and resourcefulness”.
But, the report adds: “There is evidence that teachers' morale has been adversely affected in many schools.”
“Its weakening, if it became widespread, would pose a major problem in the effort to maintain present standards, let alone improve them.”
The National Union of Teachers backed up this judgment, the report showed that those who had accused the NUT of alarmism were wrong, the union said.
23. Behind this action lies an admission of, and a determination to solve, the real problem of every weatherman – that meteorologists actually know frighteningly little about the weather. “If a scientist in any other field made predictions based on so little basic information,” the head of the United States Weather Bureau's international unit remarked recently, “he'd be flatly out of his mind.” And if chemistry were now at the same stage as meteorology, a colleague added, the world would just be beginning to worry about the horrifying effect of gunpowder in warfare.
24. Both countries have an interest in avoiding such an extension of the area of conflict because of the threatening consequences, were the localization to fail.
25. A heavy expenditure on atomic development for peaceful purposes, if controlled by the people, would ultimately pay handsome dividends.
26. The chairman of a firm of timber importers, gently chided his fellow-industrialists. He reminded them that some of the presidents of the larger Russian trade corporations had told him that orders which might have been placed in Britain had not been because whether British exporters were unable to quote or were uncompetitive.
27. The Prime Minister's famous victory last week against the rebels within his own party was surely cheaply won. His own performance may have been – indeed, must have been – more effective to listen to than to read later, for despite the fact that it was a speech for all seasons, it left unanswered or inadequately answered, so many questions about Britain's future role in the world and how it is to be fulfilled, that the great debate is very far from conclusion. For all his political skill, the Prime Minister has only written another chapter, he has not closed the book.
28. Some excuse for the behaviour of Tory chieftains might be pro vided if it could be shown that the leadership battle revolved round central issues of public importance. But throughout the dispute it has been concerned with personalities and patronage-gang warfare in all its sterility.
29. Many past air crashes, as subsequent investigation has shown, could have been avoided. There are many points which need an answer. Perhaps the answers to these questions will be satisfactory. In this case every possible step may have been taken that could have been taken, and it may be shown that only a human error that could not have been foreseen caused the crash.
30. The Administration, which has been on its best behaviour throughout the summer in not pressing Britain to reach an early decision, is now making it plain that it would welcome an immediate answer. Serious discussions are to begin next month with Germany, Italy and others, and if Britain is not to miss the boat she must be ready to take part.
31. A threat to developing countries that they must pursue policies pleasing to the U.S. if they want financial aid was made in Washington yesterday by the U.S. Undersecretary of State. “If a country is to be able to achieve self-sustaining growth within a reasonable future,” he told the annual meeting of the World Bank, “it will have to pursue realistic policies to acquire the capital it needs.”
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32. An urgent public inquiry is now needed into the whole running of the Metropolitan police.
Last night's World in Action exposed what has long been suspected and hinted at; the Countryman inquiry into corruption at Scotland Yard was frustrated by the very people under question – senior police officers at the Yard.
Yet again we have a stark example of the police adamantly refusing to accept that the public have a right to question the activities of the men and women who are employed to police Britain.
One reason the police put forward is that such inquiries damage public confidence in the police. But on the contrary, the exact opposite is true.
3. Проанализируйте и переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на перевод атрибутивных словосочетаний и других лексических трудностей.
1. In November 1955, at the Messina conference that laid the foundation for today's European Union, Britain's representative, a pipe-smoking Oxford-don turned-civil-servant called Russel Bremerton, made a brief comment: “The future treaty which you are discussing has no chance of being agreed; if it was agreed, it would have no chance of being applied. And if it was applied, it would be totally unacceptable to Britain.”
2. As a look at European households by the Family Policy Studies centre found, “the pace of change can only be described as leisurely”. Similar research from America produces the identical conclusion. Even in Sweden, where it has been national policy for decades to make both the public and private spheres strictly gender neutral, the reality is that this is far from the case. Very few men take paternity leave and the jobs women go to are overwhelmingly “female” ones like day-care and nursing.
3. In Mr. Aznar's book the socialists who ruled post Franco Spain for 13 years, over-reacted by idolising all things foreign and despising the home-grown. That, says Mr. Aznar, meant being too obsequious to – among others – the European Union.
But it is proving hard to legislate Spaniards into being prouder of their history.
4. Tired of corruption and crime in the state [Maharashtra, India], voters, with some help from a few honest bureaucrats, are starting to disown bad government. Some citizens are challenging the abrupt transfer of their municipal commissioner, who had upset the rich and influential by ordering the demolition of some of their illegal buildings.
5. Elaborate international networks have developed among organized criminals, drug traffickers, arms dealers, and money launderers, creating an infrastructure for catastrophic terrorism around the world.
6. Aspects of the welfare reform program have infuriated legislators on Labour's left wing and interest groups representing the sick and disabled, who say that the proposed cuts will take benefits away from some of the neediest people.
7. During the Thatcher years, when whole industries collapsed, many people who lost their jobs found that their doctors were willing to declare them incapable of working. This enabled them to sign up for incapacity benefits, which pay more than unemployment benefits, and allowed the government to claim that fewer people were actually unemployed.
8. What to make of her [Albright's] humiliation? Some say it shows that charm and sound-bites are no substitute for geopolitical grasp or for attention to detail.
9. A law of 20th century communication has become evident: The length of a sound bite is inversely proportional to the complexity of the world and the overload of information to which we are exposed. Columnist G.W. summarized it best when he noted that if Lincoln were alive to day “he would be forced to say, “Read my lips: No more slavery!”
10. The Liberal Party has pushed for a reinterpretation of Japan's pacifist constitution to allow greater freedom for the military overseas, but the Liberal Democrats opposed that. The two sides finally agreed to allow Japan's Self-Defense Forces to “actively participate and co-operate in UN peacekeeping missions if asked to do so by the organization.”
11. So, it's back to the drawing board for the U.S. Treasury and the IMF. Will they really come up with some new “architecture” this time, something like going out of the global management business? Don't count on it.
12. Assuming that Vodafone completes its takeover of Air Touch, the resulting mobile-phone behemoth will become the world's largest cellular group.
13. A fashion designer sued the government of Kuala Lumpur for assault and battery Friday, saying he had been coerced into making a false confession. He and two others confessed but then retracted the allegations, saying police had forced them into making false declarations through the use of threats and physical abuse in order to build a case against the ex-finance minister.
14. “Regional Independent” offer (for takeover of Mirro Group PLC) is subject to financing, which some observers said could be tricky given the company's already leveraged condition.
15. Both Chancellor of Germany and President of France played down reports of a monumental row between their countries over how to bring the EU budget and agricultural programs under control.
16. Elections for the European Parliament are due in June, and almost all publicity is good publicity, from the parliament's viewpoint.
17. In determining the choice of candidates, was it a case of the more telegenic they were, the more chance they had of success?
18. The show [exhibition on Arab Spain in Grenada] was an eloquent statement about the need for an introverted country [Spain] to acknowledge its Moorish past and build bridges – to Maghreb as well as the New World and Europe.
19. Instead of tackling the problems of racism, jobs, inflation, social services and the like, which would make life more fruitful for the masses of people, the “revitalization” plan is organized to fill the formula demanded by big business.
In brief, “revitalization” is a raid on the Treasury for the benefit of big business. But it is also more; it includes the factor of an increase in monopolization of the economy, as The New York Times' editorial indicated.
More, it tightens the grip of monopoly on government; it is a step in the direction of something like a “corporate state”. It means less popular influence on government. It will only increase the problems and troubles confronting the people.
20. The transport union executive yesterday announced a stepping up of the campaign to defend fair fares – after London Transport confirmed redundancy proposals and the Transport
Minister held out no hope for their cause.
The union decided to allocate ₤10,000 for a campaign to defend subsidised transport in London and places such as South Yorkshire.
It also announced that its members would not obstruct members of the public who refused to pay the increased fares, due in two weeks' time.
21. While a few MPs are believed to favour this revolutionary proposal certain party leaders and older MPs are opposed to it.
22. Another early confrontation could occur in Nottinghamshire over the proposed closure of New Hucknall colliery near Mansfield.
The Board announced yesterday that “redundancies are inevitable” in Kent, as it plans to shut Snowdown Pit within three months, putting 960 jobs in jeopardy.
23. Senior staff at Granada TV's London offices staged a one-day strike yesterday in protest at the company withdrawing creche facilities for staff children.
All 50 members of the TV technicians' union, at Granada's Soho offices stopped work for the day, both men and women. Most of them were producers, directors and researchers.
The strike was called because of the company's decision to end the creche facility for staff children at a local nursery centre.
24. Leaders of the Federation of Labour met representation of the Government and employers on Nov. 17 to discuss how to further implement the suggestions regarding a longer term wages policy which had already been discussed.
The major element in the discussion was the implementation of a Court ruling to hear the case for wages rates “catching up” in relation to past inflation.
25. At present, even the existence of the office is officially classified. In the intelligence community, it is known as a “black” operation, meaning that nothing about its work or the identity of its officials is subject to public scrutiny.
26. The vision one gets of a so-called constitutional reform is one of cheap nagging and bargaining, all at the expense of the Canadian people, who have been completely excluded from the debate.
As for the New Democratic Party, “Rather than coming forward with a truly democratic alternative to the constitutional crisis, the NDP too has become part of this 'wheeling and dealing' at the expense of the national rights of the French Canadian people, the rights of the native peoples, the economic and social rights of the Canadian people,” the statement charges. From being among the advocates of Canadianization of resources, the NDP has now become the champion of provincial ownership of resources, even though these resources are in fact in the hands of the multinational corporations.
27. In the case of the Union of Post Office workers a member could be excluded from membership for up to twelve months since there was no provision for any stay pending appeal to annual conference.
28. The company is reluctant to consider the workers' demand for wage increase. What seems to be the case is that it wants to prevent any drastic steps being taken to interfere with their profit making activity.
29. The fact is that local industrialists were invited to become members of the board when it was set up, and it must have been obvious that they would not only be concerned with local development, but in some cases be personally involved.
30. Complicated legal issues which have arisen are being studied by the Attorney General's department which believes there is a case for dam ages against the tanker's owners.
31. Yet for large and small nations, their record in the General Assembly does provide a yardstick with which to measure the application of their publicly announced foreign policy.
32. Mr H. is the only serious rival at present, and if politics was a science, he would be a formidable rival. He has a splendid record as a reform mayor and a courageous Senator.
33. Mr N. had been under fire from many sections of the student community for allegedly being out of touch with the problems of ordinary students, and his speech tonight was being regarded as a make-or-break bid to win back popular support for executive policy.
34. The biggest problem, however, is likely to be on the wage front. How cooperative will the unions be this summer as their demands culminate? A strong point is that the Chancellor of the Exchequer can now have as full-scale and thorough a Budget as he thinks necessary.
35. The tourist potential is as yet largely untapped. But every effort is being made to develop the industry into a major foreign exchange earner. Apart from the existing facilities, the National Development Corporation is embarking upon a major programme for tourist accommodation facilities.
36. There has been a vast deterioration of public facilities throughout the nation over recent decades, according to the study just made public by the Council of State Planning Agencies.
The council's 97-page study declares that the nation's streets, roads, including the Interstate Highway System, publicly operated solid waste and toxic waste sites, treatment plants, port facilities and dams have been permitted to deteriorate drastically. Hundreds of billions of dollars are necessary to halt the ongoing deterioration and to restore the facilities to their former level, let alone expand them to fill growing needs.
The most important factors in the deterioration are not included in the study: the diversion of hundreds of billions of dollars from maintenance of the nation's public works into the pockets of the rich, through tax giveaways and the huge war budget. The cancer is bipartisan.
37. Americans are accustomed to a confrontational, adversarial relationship between the government and business. Japan's regulatory style is based on intensive dialogue and extensive interaction that leads to com promise.
38. Americans may have been disturbed by Lockheed's conduct but few of them had any sense of wounded national pride or much concern over loss of face in the international community.
39. The problem now is how to de-escalate this international crisis.
40. America should weigh the president's program on its merits and ignore the pretence that all the changes he has proposed are either necessary or sufficient to conquer stagflation.
41. Coming mainly from academia and think tanks, where they had been on the outside for years, they (Russian emigrants) found that being on the inside was both exhilarating and excruciating.
42. Big business relies on its massive public relations rumor mill to twist truth into lies. There is no question that this campaign has been a success.
4. Сделайте синтаксический и грамматический анализ предложений и переведите их, обращая внимание на передачу значений артикля.
1. The role of the Japanese military is a touchy subject, one that rattles China and other neighbors as well as Japanese citizens, all parties that still have bitter feelings about Japan's role in World War II.
2. With economic confidence across Europe already fragile and economists cutting back growth forecasts, rising jobless totals in Europe's biggest economy threaten to further sour the mood, economists said.
3. “It is not an easy problem. But if we don't stop the conflict now, it clearly will spread. And then, we will not be able to stop it except at far greater cost and risk”.
4. The wealth of Britain's architectural heritage rests upon strata of changing taste.
5. There were no reports of violence during the protest. But scattered Christian-Muslim skirmishes on the island injured a handful of people Friday, witnesses said.
6. Many economists are predicting the labor market will weaken somewhat this year, although it will remain healthy by historical standards.
7. The state's troubles sent the Brazilian stock market plummeting as investors speculated the political battle over the debt would weaken the central government resolve to slash a budget deficit and ease interest rates.
8. The claim that congressional approval strengthens a president's policy is not one that presidents leap to test.
9. Whereas everybody wants a new president of the European Com mission in place as soon as possible, Parliament – always keen on adding to its power – wants the procedure to go ahead under the new Amsterdam terms.
10. Iran and the Soviet Union once had the Caspian Sea to themselves, amicably dividing its precious caviar. The two knew the sea contained mineral wealth but neither did much about it.
11. “The larger a company gets, the more difficult it can be for the left hand to know what the right is doing”.
12. Hurt by the economic slump in Asia and a litany of production and delivery problems, Boeing sought to put the best face on its annual production and delivery data.
13. Reflecting Japan's spectacular economic growth, Tokyo's rapid development and, above all, Maki's [architect] evolving architectural philosophy, the changes helped create a dynamic complex that today anchors one of Tokyo's most popular neighborhoods.
14. Many critics of the government's program argue that it reflects what they say is Mr Blair's Achilles' heel: the desire to be all things to all people, to appeal to the conservative-leaning middle class that helped propel him into office in 1997 while not abandoning the poor and working classes, labour's traditional base. The tough talk, they say, is one thing; the reality may fall short of the promise.
15. Human rights are a basic American interest, and the administration should not flinch from promoting them.
16. The civil service is a black abyss of underpaid, underemployed, unsackable people. There are calls for cutting the numbers radically, but if you do, you end up with an indigent army of unemployable people.
17. The once empty, and beautiful, Mediterranean shoreline has be come a solid block of wall-to-wall holiday homes with their private beaches and marinas for middle-class Egyptians.
18. Genre painting existed in the ancient world but was generally deemed an inferior pursuit suitable for less talented artists, an assumption that was inherited by the Renaissance establishment.
19. The native Melanesian Ambonese are mainly Christians but many Asian Muslims from elsewhere in the vast Indonesian archipelago have come to the island for business and as civil servants.
20. The democratic peoples [of NATO members] admittedly do not relish sending their soldiers into foreign fields, but the evidence of the 20th century – two world wars, the cold war and, in the 1990s, the Gulf and Bosnia – suggests that they will generally act when they conclude that a principle or a major interest is under attack.
21. The public outrage gave Beijing “a chance to redirect some of the political energy in a population that might otherwise be antigovernment,” says a China scholar of Wellesley College.
22. French, long dominant at the commission of EU, has been rapidly losing ground to English, which, the French note acidly, is not even a language of continental Europe.
23. Some economists warn that a further slowdown in Europe's economy could encourage opponents of the common currency, the euro, to blame Monetary Union for the hard times.
24....the description of a solution to a problem as a “political” solution implies peaceful debate and arbitration as opposed to what is often called a “military” solution.
25. The record number of mergers of large companies into even larger ones last year has raised fears at many arts organizations and other non profit groups that a decline in corporate donations may be an unfortunate byproduct.
5. Проанализируйте и переведите следующие предложения.
1. The euro is expected to accelerate European crossborder deals. By creating the foundations of pan-European market for capital, it exposes markets to stiffer competition.
So it seems few taboos are left in Europe's once sleepy banking business: banks are merging with each other, with insurers, fund managers and others as never before.
But are Europe's banks really set for a merger wave to rival that seen in America? In theory, Europe already has a single banking system. The reality is rather different. For some years to come, further consolidation will be stymied by resistance from politicians, workers and even bank bosses and by the way that banking system has been structured.
2. EU presidency is enough to test any country's skills to the limit. It means arranging dozens of ministerial meetings and managing the paper work for hundreds of specialist committees. Rare is the government that does not come to the end of its six months both relieved and exhausted.
The Finns have a big reputation to live up to. Since joining the EU, and despite coming from its most distant edge, they have displayed an almost uncanny mastery of its workings. Many point to them as the very model how a «small country should operate within the EU's institutions: merely modest and purposeful matching a sense of principle with a sense of proportion.
3. Once the state has rooted out absolute poverty, how much wealth, if any, should it confiscate to reduce inequality for its own sake? How much should it curtail individual freedoms – to purchase extra education, to pass on an inheritance – so that people have an equal chance in life? Is there some level beyond which inequality cannot be stretched without snapping the bonds that hold people together? Whatever the answer, these are questions a government should frame clearly, not bury in the obfuscation of “fairness”. Still less should a budget be so subtle that no body can divine, whether, why or how much a government believes in redistribution.
4. Devolution is a healthy and abiding tendency. To de-emphasize the federal government is to resurrect one of the original principles of American politics. The nation was conceived as a union of 13 pre-existing states. The concept of national citizenship, as distinct from state citizen ship, did not even exist until 1787, 11 years after independence. In the early days, the states showed their distinctive personalities by what they did about slavery or the enfranchisement of non-citizens, rather than welfare policy or the length of prison terms. But whatever the issues the taste for autonomy has endured and now seems, once again, to be growing.
5. So long as the democracies remember what experience has taught them, they are probably unbeatable. Take Europe and America apart, and that comforting prospect vanishes. The Americans by themselves will still have the means to act, as well as their keener sense of ideological commitment; but they will have fewer material interests in the outside world to feel concerned about, and the shock of the break with Europe could push them back to their old dream of hemispheric self-sufficiency.
6. The goal of the EU constitutional conference will be to streamline the European Commission and to fine-tune the voting powers of national governments in the Council of Ministers, so that both institutions can accommodate an influx of new members, mainly from Central and Eastern Europe, in the decade ahead.
7. In contrast to Plato's claim for the social value of education, a quite different idea of intellectual purposes was propounded by the Renaissance humanists. Intoxicated with their rediscovery of the classical learning that was thought to have disappeared during the Dark Ages, they argued that the imparting of knowledge needs no justification – religious, social, economic or political. Its purpose, to the extent that it has one, is to pass on from generation to generation the corpus of knowledge that constitutes civilization.
8. The study [of two University of Chicago researchers] is not good news for minorities. First, Latinos are significantly more likely to live near a hazardous-waste site than blacks or whites with comparable incomes. Second, the authors suggest that blacks are less likely than whites to live near Chicago waste sites in part because they have been excluded from areas near high-paying industrial jobs by decades of residential segregation. The Chicago study will stimulate the debate. Some earlier studies in other cities have found a significant correlation between race and hazardous waste; others have no. But even in cases where hazardous- waste sites appear to be disproportionately located in minority neighborhoods, they may not have been put there deliberately.
9. It is currently fashionable to argue that nobody can hope to foresee what is going to happen to big-power politics in the next 30 or 40 years. Some of those who say this then add, contradicting themselves, that there is unlikely to be any great challenge to the security of Europe and America in the next generation or so: the world is for the time being, safe for democracy. Neither of these things is necessarily true. It is possible to make a reasonable guess at how power will redistribute itself round the world in the opening decades of the new century and how this redistribution of power will show itself in what counties do to each other. This reasonable guess holds little comfort for the democracies of the West.
10. Though they seldom admit it, many Hungarians continue to harbour prejudice against gypsies, which is one reason that campaigners prefer to use the term “Roma”, arguing that from the lips of most Hungarians, “cigany” is itself derogatory and that the word's most usual (and value-free) English variant, gypsy, should also therefore be dropped.
What is less arguable is that it has been almost taboo, in Hungarian politics, to acknowledge that gypsies do have a real grievance. So for the foreign minister even to be discussing the subject is progress of a sort.
11. An inexperienced crew is working late shift, packing apples at the Northwestern fruit produce plant here. The new hires barely keep pace with roaring conveyor belts. But things are hard here. Last month, half the packing plant's 180 employees were laid off. In what turned out to be one of the biggest employment sweeps ever by the Immigration and Naturalization Service, agents sifted through the records of 5,000 workers in 13 local packing plants here – and forced the companies to sack 562 determined to be illegal immigrants.
12. In a move that clears the way for a wave of high-tech interactive gadgets in cars and trucks, five of the world's biggest auto makers said they are pursuing a common wiring standard for new vehicles. The standard should enable automotive suppliers to design their products to plug into millions of cars and trucks, regardless of the vehicles' maker. It could reduce the cost of such devices by allowing suppliers to standardize manufacturing processes.
13. Germany wants a European Employment Pact to be adopted at a June summit of EU leaders in Cologne, Germany but some EU diplomats question whether this will be possible. At a meeting Monday, France and Italy meet opposition with their call for specific growth targets. Mean while, proposals by Spain and Britain for a more decentralized approach also find little favor.
14. The Scottish National Party (SNP), which had campaigned quite ineffectively since it was founded in 1928, became a significant political force when it latched on to the discovery of North Sea oil in the 1960s to argue that an independent Scotland could escape from the economic decline caused by the collapse of traditional heavy industry.
15. Given the contempt with which I hold television, why would I want to appear on it to promote a new book that deals with its perverse effects? I have no easy answer. I struggle daily to find one. The best that I have been able to come up with is that I believe strongly that there is a deep, unsatisfied hunger on the part of the American people for some thing better, for something that speaks directly to our constant search for meaning on the basic issues of life itself.
16. Egypt was committed, under its agreements with the IMF, to denationalise one of the four state banks that together control 60% of retail banking. When the agreements expired, with no bank privatised yet, the IMF decided to give the government more time. Although Egypt's banks have a sounder reputation than some in the region, their closets still rattle with the skeletons of dodgy loans, handed out to inefficient state enterprises on government instructions.
17. One reason why foreign investors still tend to hold back is that they are seldom invited to buy a controlling share of a company. The law has been changed so that there are no longer restrictions about the specific level of foreign shareholding; moreover, the new laws on repatriating capital and profits are very liberal. But multinationals tend still to think that the government's policy is not quite convincing: the legal groundwork for offering them a controlling share is there but it doesn't often happen in practice. Bad public relations, say Egyptians, plus prejudiced foreigners.
18. Mr. Clinton's domestic critics are dismayed. They understand his words are another sort of code: permission for the appeasement-minded on the Security Council – including Russia, China and France among the five permanent members – to plead mitigation for Iraq and so make a military response from the 35,000 American servicemen currently mastered in the Gulf anything but automatic.
19. Hungarians like to think that ethnic hatred is something that takes place only in the Balkan badlands to the south. The government also realises that it needs to be seen to be doing something – not least if its own lecturing of its neighbours on the fights of ethnic Hungarian minorities is not to sound hollow. But what? – The government acknowledges that the country's current policy is inadequate, that all is not well with its showpiece policy, a system of ethnic self-government. These autonomous, democratically elected bodies are quite good at doing such things as organising dance troupes for ethnic Germans, but are ill-equipped to deal with the many problems facing gypsies.
20. Donors can still help by spreading knowledge of a technological or institutional sort. This is one rationale for (small-scale) project aid. But what donors should not be spreading in these cases are large quantities of cash. That policy not only wastes money; it also undermines political support for every kind of aid, including those that work. While it remains true – as this study makes crystal-clear – that the key to development is good economic policy, and that this is something, which only the governments concerned can put into effect, aid can play a useful role. It is up to donor governments to see that it does.
21. From the recruiting sergeants who haunt the high schools and malls and Mс Donald's across America to the generals who count bunk and beans, there is a growing concern that generational and demographic changes have overtaken the ideals of military service.
22. Sweden, of all places, has one of the most segregated work forces in the West. And while it didn't much matter economically when Sweden was a prosperous, welfare state, the country faces increasing pressure to tighten its belt. Sweden can no longer afford the disparity, needing women to contribute their full share into government tax coffers and pension funds. In fact, economists and policy makers warn that this is a challenge that much of Europe will face.
23. Economic and social transformations of the past 20 years of re forms are likely to have been less destabilising than if modernisation had not taken place.
This does not mean that social instability poses no risk at all. A serious economic downturn would make it harder for the government to buy off the disaffected.
What of the party? Here lies the problem. For, much as China's economy and society have been transformed, its political structure has not. Its political institutions were designed to change society, but are now incapable to adapt to it.
24. The high divorce rate and liberated lifestyles of the boomer generation may now be producing more cautious, conservative attitudes among the young. “Generation X-ers basically believe the baby boomers went too far with their lifestyle, taking it to the brink”, says Ann Clurman of Jankelovich Partners. “Children of divorce are 50 per cent of gen X-ers. They think they are victims of divorce and want to pull back from the precipice. Down the road we will definitely see less divorce”.
25. Like the Council of Ministers, the EU Parliament has been accruing power at the Commission's expense. Yet, it too suffers from weak leadership. It needs to attend to its own faults if it is to exercise better control over the executive, bringing to an end, in particular, its expensive dual life in Brussels and Strasbourg. Best stick to Brussels, even though this would require a treaty change.
26. Germany's chancellor faces two general difficulties and one particular one. First, he has to show that he really has some sense of what he wants to achieve: he has, in other words, to dismiss the impression that he has no central values and no clear idea of how Germany, or indeed Europe, should be run. Second, he has still to reform his party, which has been subjected to none of the colonic irrigation of that other new Middler, the British Labour Party. And then, unrelated to these general concerns, and perhaps even harder to achieve, he has to cajole the other members of the EU into accepting a budgetary arrangement that makes it possible for newcomers to join.
27. America has the best technology, so it is inevitably the best, and right target for espionage, by China and a host of others. Given that China does indeed have spies, and that it is an actual rival and potential threat, America should be spying on China in return. Have no fear: it is.
China rightly senses that trade can be used as a lever to soften, or blur, foreign policy issues. American businesses lobby for a softer line and for rule-changes at home to allow them to sell more in China, particularly for high-tech goods previously controlled on security grounds. They reinforce that pressure with political donations.
28. The challenges of running a country may also stimulate Scottish intellectual life. Many Scots fondly dream of a new “Scottish Enlightenment”, like the one the country enjoyed in the 18th century when Scottish thinkers like David Hume and Adam Smith were at the center of the philosophical revolution which swept through Europe. The French philosopher Voltaire remarked, only slightly sarcastically, that if one wanted to learn anything from gardening to philosophy, one had to go to Edinburgh.
The Enlightenment was partly stimulated, some think, because political union with England ended the Scottish preoccupation with battling against its more powerful southern neighbour and opened northern eyes and minds to the possibilities, both intellectual and commercial, arising in a fast-changing world in which Britain was then playing a decisive imperial role.
29. Between principle and practice, of course, can lie an ocean of difference, and seas of ink have indeed been drained in arguing about the consequences of accepting that gender as social. If it is, mustn't society be overturned to better women's lot? Is it inequality with men or male stereotyping that women suffer from? Isn't talk of suffering itself a new form of victimhood?
Naomi Wolf, in her book “Fire with Fire” (1993) blamed older feminists for exaggerating women's powerlessness and for the supposed excesses of political correctness.
30. Mr. Menem's [of Argentina] past services are undeniable. Elected in 1989, he inherited hyperinflation. That alone might have led back to strongman role. Instead, his government by creating a currency board, has killed inflation stone-dead.
He has brought to heel the armed forces, still snarling when first he came to office. Today, these once masters of the land serve its elected government.
Abroad, Mr. Menem has mended fences with the United States, taken Argentina into the Mercosur trade group, and solved its border disputes with Chile.
This is a solid record.
31. There are clear arguments to be made in favour of equality (relief of poverty, the encouragement of social cohesion); but there are also clear arguments to be made against imposing it (this is unnatural, unattainable, suppresses initiative, attempts self-defeatingly to create a sense of brotherhood by coercion). “Fairness”, by contrast, is a label a government can slap on pretty much any policy it chooses. Equality is measurable, fair ness – in the eye of the beholder. The left thought equality was fair; the right thought inequality was fair.
32. When overseas aid was under Foreign Office control, it was clearly a tool of foreign policy as well as a way of helping poor countries.
And it sometimes subsidised British business by being tied to British goods and services. But that approach clearly had drawbacks. Aid priori ties were distorted by the pursuit of commercial advantage. Britain, for example, was discovered to be funding a dubious dam project in Malaysia in the hope of winning arms sales. When New Labour came into office, it announced that aid should be purely for helping the poor.
33. Modern youth becomes the dreaded avenging angel of his parents, since he holds the power to prove his parents' success or failure as parents and this counts so much more now, since his parents' economic success is no longer so important in a society of abundance. Youth itself, feeling in secure because of its marginal position in a society that no longer depends on it for economic security, is tempted to use the one power this reversal between the generations has conferred on it: to be accuser, and judge of the parents' success or failure as parents.
34. With monetary policy in the hands of the European Central Bank, fiscal policy – budget deficits and surpluses a la Keynes – is the remaining tool with which the member states of European Economic and Monetary Union, or EMU, can affect their own growth and employment.
35. The sense of energy and optimism generated by Mr. Blair's at tempt to create a brave new Britain could easily give way to disillusionment – as it did in the 1970s – if his government cannot turn visionary rhetoric into something rather more substantial.
36. It is less than a month since the prime minister decided to break cover, stand up in the House of Commons, launch his “national changeover plan”, and make it plain to anyone who had ever doubted it that he really did intend to lead Britain into the promised land of the euro.
This was the very week in which big business started to fire its pro-euro artillery, with the official launch of the “Britain in Europe” campaign headed by chairman of British Airways.
37. The US elections have often been compared to a circus. It is a shame that the comparison has some truth in it. It is a time when a clear and precise estimate of the national situation should be made, a balance drawn and a course agreed on for the next period, but it is actually a time when the leading political contestants exert themselves most to deceive the public, falsify the record and lie about the future.
It is national aberration-time when politicians roam the land, trying to put matters more out of focus than usual. It is the time of statistics-twisting, juggling with facts, gymnastics in the position-taking, and hocus-pocus.
Such a situation is contrary to the interests of the people and to the national interest. More and more voters are disgusted with it. It is, therefore, more urgent than ever not only to bring the real issues to the fore and to mobilize the broadest possible coalition around “people before profits” solutions, but also to take steps to restore – or to impart – to elections their real function, to correct what is wrong and to steer a better course for the future.
38. There are powerful big business lobbies in the capital, and an element in the Democratic Party here favors pampering multinational corporations.
This group insists that any legislation favorable to working people in the state must also include financial incentives to big business.
Labor observers here see a similarity between recent contract negotiations and the approach of big business to legislation. “Make it worth our while,” they say, “or we'll pack up and leave.”
Corporations shut plants and move operations in order to maximize profits.
Some move to get out from union contracts. Some move to states offering financial incentives. Some move to the South where wages are low. Some move totally out of the US.
The legislative proposals, which are not yet fully formulated, lean heavily in the direction of the corporations. They offer increased incentives to keep corporations from moving out of the state – more profit – and place the burden of picking up the pieces after a plant has moved on the shoulders of the tax payers of the state.
39. Officialdom in Huyton, Liverpool, does not know the meaning of democracy, which we are supposed to have in Britain.
They charge what rent and rates they like and think they are doing us a favour if they do any maintenance or repairs to the council housing, which they assume they own, as apparently the councilors do not regard themselves as the elected representatives of the people.
40. The Prime Minister has come down heavily in favour of waiting for a consensus to build, based on the belief that “a strong leader is not needed for the Japanese people because they themselves are full of vitality”. But his self-cast role as orchestra conductor to the numerous minis tries and agencies in Tokyo while the body politic calls the tune is said by many to neglect the fact that participatory democracy is still only surface deep in Japan. Also, that role is directly at odds with the high-profile, асtive stances taken by former premiers.
Contrary to popular belief, the Prime Minister has not totally forsaken day-to-day political matters. He is well aware of the pressing problems: the Foreign Minister is being given a somewhat larger role to play in policy planning and is to lend a hand in calming the still rough Japan-US economic waters.
41. The Prime Minister's insistence on the “politics of waiting” and his homespun advice to proceed “slow and steady” have opened the door to critics of his approach to the running of the government and matters of state – but perhaps they have moved the discussion into an area that fits well within the premier's game plan.
There is little argument from any camp that the new government is facing problems – for instance, slow economic growth at home, the continuing problems between Tokyo and.the United States, the difficulties involved in the emergence of a new political role for Japan and the on-again, off-again courtship of ASEAN. How quickly and in what manner these are approached does lead to disagreement.
42. Children demonstrating outside the Belgrave Children's Hospital in South London at the weekend marched to Downing Street to hand in a petition as part of a widely supported campaign which was launched in South London to keep the children's hospital open and persuade the local area health authority to improve facilities there.
The hospital's once thriving out-patients department is already being reduced, and staffing problems are getting worse. At weekends, one student is often left in charge of a ward.
But the hospital now faces a threat to close all the beds meaning that the only children's operating theatre in the district will shut down despite recent modernisation.
43. The worsening economic problems of the country derive ultimately from causes which no party or government can readily cure, even if it knew what to do. A century and more of industrial underinvestment, export of capital, low growth, failure to exploit innovation richly but vainly provided by British science (U.S. industry has done well out of British inventions neglected at home), – these are at the root of Britain's contemporary troubles. Labor did not cure them, but neither have the Tories.
44. His distinctly high-profile leadership conflicted with the ideas of other chiefs as to how an operation of this kind should be carried out.
45. The Chancellor of the Exchequer impressed on the House that all that was needed was that everyone should behave sensibly and realize that if the country threw away this opportunity it might be long before it got another anything like so favourable. Stable prices could be assured only by price reductions in the field where progress was fastest and if the benefits of progress for which the whole community was responsible were shared by the whole community.
46. That view will gain ground because a new shock awaits the Parliamentary Labour Party and the Labour movement. The Prime Minister appears to have won the case, and carefully calculated leaks are coming from Cabinet Ministers to prepare us all for yet one more reversal of policy.
47. It is not the critics of the Minister of Economy who are cynical. That is a word which could be more accurately applied to a Minister who says he is for prices being kept down, and then supports a Budget which puts them up.
48. If the staff at Labour Party headquarters get the 12 1/2 per cent pay rise which it is reported they are to be offered, or the bigger increase they may ask for, they will no doubt congratulate themselves not only on their own efforts, but on having employers pre
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