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Russia-On-Line Subject Guide
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For the users in our country the certain interest can represent the thematic catalogue Russia-On-Line Subject Guide, located to the address http://www.online.ru/rmain. This catalogue contains rather motley assembly of the links on foreign sources plus the thematic review of the Russian and Russian resources WWW.
2.2. Automatic indexes
It is possible to approach to a problem of search of the information in Internet and on the other hand. There are programs in which have loaded some thousand well-known URL-addresses. Being is started on the computer with access to WWW, this program begins automatically to download from a network the documents on it URL, and from each new document she(it) takes all links, contained in it,(him,) and adds them in the base of addresses. As at the end all WWW the documents are connected among themselves, early or late such program will bypass all Internet.
Certainly, the program can not understand as or classify that she(it) sees in a network. The programs of such type refer to as robots. They are limited to the tax of the statistical information and construction indexes in the texts of the documents. The database, collected by the robot, - index - stores (keeps) in it, simply speaking, item of information on that in what WWW-documents to contain those or other words.
Such the automatically collected index also underlies retrieval systems of the second sort, which frequently and name - automatic indexes.
The automatic index consists of three parts: the program - robot collected by this robot of a database and the interface for search in this base, with which the user works. All these components quite can function without intervention of the man.
As any classification of materials in such systems are absent, it is necessary to resort to them only then, when you precisely know keywords concerning that it is necessary, - we shall tell, a surname of the man or it is enough some of rare terms from the appropriate area. If to set search on the a little widespread words, you will have not enough life to bypass all URL-addresses, received as a result of search, - for example, the index of system Alta Vista contains of 11 billions words taken from 30 millions of WWW-pages.
An automatic index of WWW-pages exists much: WebCrawler, Lycos, Excite, Inktomi, Open Text and others. Some of them (for example, Lycos) represent more or less successful synthesis of the subject catalogue and automatic index.
Alta Vista
Its(her) address http://altavista.digital.com. This system has appeared in December 1995. She (it) one of largest on volume of indexes from all such retrieval systems both most powerful and floppy rules of construction of searches. Alta Vista understands two different languages of searches rather strongly distinguished from each other. On the first page Alta Vista you see the form for simple search (Simple Search), and the panel of heading at the top of page contains the button Advanced Search, having pressed which, you receive the form for complication of search.
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Except for WWW-pages, Alta Vista conducts a separate index for clauses from more than 14000 conferences Usenet (including hierarchy of groups relcom. *).
Search Alta Vista: that Alta Vista worked on group of words, only when they cost(stand) beside, it is necessary to conclude this group in inverted commas. If it is necessary to exclude from result all documents containing a certain word, it is necessary to attribute this word with is familiar “minus”.
The word without any mark works in search precisely the same as also it with is familiar “plus”.
As against Yahoo, by default Alta Vista searches of entry of the whole words. The ordered terms should stand in the document separately, instead of to be a part of other chains of symbols. If you need to find of all entry of a word, even when it is included into structure of other words, use a symbol *. The asterisk can stand only at the end of a word, and prevent giving many (too much) of results, Alta Vista requires(demands), that the word which is coming to an end on *, should consist not less than of 3 letters. Moreover, a symbol * allows to find not any termination (ending) of a word, but only not exceeding length of five symbols and not containing of capital letters or figures.
Results of search Alta Vista, as well as Yahoo, gives out as the list of the links on the documents, but instead of the description of each document near to his(its) heading you will see simply first some lines of his(its) text. If will be found more than 10 documents, Alta Vista will break their list on pages till 10 links on everyone. Alta Vista sorts the links so that on the first place there were “most important” documents with your keywords at definition of a degree of importance taking into account the following factors:
Whether the keywords into heading of the documents enter;
Whether these words in the first several lines of the documents contain;
As far as are close to each other in the text the keywords are found out.
Info seek
Info seek, entered in of operation at the end of 1996 years, is somewhat reminiscent Alta Vista, however volume of the complete texts, surveyed by him,(it,) of the documents yet does not exceed 30 million. Web-pages. The address: http://www.infoseek.com. It is rather powerful system having high speed and idle time in circulation. Opportunities of drawing up of search almost same, as well as in Alta Vista, but not so rich. At almost complete preservation of values of marks "«plus", "«minus" and "«inverted commas", sensitivity to a difference header both lower case letters and opportunity to limit search to fragments Web- of pages, Info seek yet has no ability to define(determine) beside the worth terms (there is no operator NEAR), to limit search by date of updating a source and, main, to truncate terminations(ending) the key terms.
But the given retrieval system contains weight of facultative functions., for example, opportunity concerns to those to define(determine) quantity(amount) of the links in WWW on concrete page, that is to judge, as far as she(it) is popular or, on the contrary, to find out, how many links to external pages contain on the given site, more correctly, how many from them are reflected in index files Ultra seek. Use of special function Image seek allows to find in Internet of the image (figures, photo) on the certain subject. Info seek has also one of the best directories of resources of a Network.
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HotBot
By one of powerful search means in World Wide Web can attribute (relate) HotBot, containing the items of information on the complete texts 110 million. Pages. The address: http://www.hotbot.com. HotBot belongs to the newest systems, therefore his (its) profound search gives amazingly ample opportunities for detailed elaboration of search. It is reached (achieved) at the expense of use of the multistage menu offering various variants of drawing up of the search instruction. It is possible to carry out search on presence in the document one or several terms, search on a separate phase, search of the concrete person or links to the certain electronic address. For the greater detailed elaboration of search probably application of conditions SHOULD (can contain), MUST (should necessarily contain), MUST NOT (should not contain) in relation to any concepts. Besides HotBot represents возможность ограничить search by date of creation or last updating of the document, on geographic a rule(situation) of the server. Top of service opportunities is the search of the documents containing certain types of files, for example video. For this purpose it is necessary only to make a mark in special item of the menu of search.
WebCrawler
It is one more tool of search such as search-bot (search the robot). The address: http: // www.webcrawler.com. The search here is very simple. Enter maximal keywords into a field of search, press Search.
Lycos
It is the large database that contents of all pages, found by Web.
The address: http://www.lycos.com.
Glossary
AAM - amplitude-modulation – амплитудная модуляция
ADC – analog-to-digital converter – аналого-цифровой преобразователь
ADP – automated data processing – автоматизированная обработка данных
API – Application programming interface – интерфейс прикладного управления
APL – A Programmable Language – высокоуровневый язык программирования
B
BASIC – Beginner’s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code – простой в употреблении язык программирования высокого уровня, разработанный в 1964 г.
BNF - Backus-Naur Form
C
CAD – computer-aided design – компьютерное проектирование
CD – compact-disk – компакт-диск
CD-ROM – compact-disk, read only memory – перезаписываемый компакт-диск
COBOL - the COmmon Business Oriented Language – Всеобщий бизнесориентированный язык (язык программирования высокого уровня, специально разработанный для бизнес-приложений в 1964 г.)
c.p.s – characters per second – число символов в секунду
D
DB- database – база данных
DMA – direct memory access – прямой доступ к памяти
DOS - disk operating system – дисковая операционная система
DVD – digital video disk – цифровой видеодиск
E
ENIAC – Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator – электронно-числовой интегратор и калькулятор
EDP – electronic data processing – электронная обработка данных
EPROM – erasable programmable read-only memory – стираемое программируемое постоянное запоминающее устройство (ППЗУ)
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F
FCB – file control block – блок управления файлами
FD – floppy disk – гибкий диск
FDD – floppy-disk drive – дисковод для гибких дисков
FM - frequency-modulated radio
FORTRAN, the "FORmula TRANslator, invented by John W. Backus, fourth generation programming language – Фортран, первый компилирующий язык программирования высокого уровня, ориентированный на решение задач математического характера)
FTR – File Transfer Protocol – протокол передачи файлов
G
GP – general purpose – общего назначения
GPS - Global Positioning System - глобальная система навигации и определения положения
GUI – graphical user interface – графический интерфейс пользователя
H
HF – high frequency - высокочастотный
Hi-Fi – high fidelity – высоконадежный, с высокой точностью воспроизведения
HTML – Hyper text markup language – язык гипертекстовой разметки
HW, hw – hardware – аппаратура, оборудование, аппаратные средства
I
IAB – Internet activity Board – управляющий совет по вопросам деятельности Интернет
Intel – самая большая в мире корпорация по производству микропроцессоров (США)
Internet – Intercontinental Network – система соединенных компьютерных сетей мирового масштаба
IP – Internet Protocol – протокол маршрутизации
IT – information technology – информационная техника/ технология
K
L
LAN – local area network – локальная сеть
LCD – liquid-crystal display – жидкокристаллический дисплей
LED - light-emitting diode - светодиод, светоизлучающий диод, СИД
LISP - "LISt Processor" invented by John McCarthy - язык обработки списков Лисп (язык программирования)
M
Mb –megabyte – мегабайт
M/B – motherboard – материнская плата
MCB – memory control block – блок управления памятью
MP – microprocessor – микропроцессор
MPU – microprocessor unit – микропроцессорное устройство
MS DOS – Microsoft Disk Operational System – стандартная операционная система для IBM и IBM совместимых компьютеров, рассчитанная на одного пользователя
N
NAK – negative acknowledgement – неподтверждение приема (символ)
NT -net technology- сетевые технологии
O
OCR – optical character reader – оптическое устройство считывания знаков
OMR – optical mark reader – оптическое устройство считывания знаков
OR – логическая операция
OS – operating system – операционная система
P
PC – personal computer – персональный компьютер
PDA - personal digital assistant - "карманный" компьютер, предназначенный для выполнения некоторых специальных функций
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PFM – pulse-frequency modulation – частотно-импульсная модуляция
PILOT – Programmed Inquiry Learning Or Teaching – авторизованный язык для машинного обучения, разработанный в Калифорнийском университете в 1968 г.Дж. Старквезером.
PL – programming language – язык программирования
PROM – programmable read-only memory – программированное постоянное запоминающее устройство
R
RAM – random-access memory – оперативное запоминающее устройство
r.c. – remote control – дистанционное управление
ROM – read only memory – постоянное запоминающее устройство
S
SATAN – Security Administrator Tool Analyzing Networks – программа, предназначенная для оценки состояния безопасности компьютера или локальной сети, подключенной к Интернет
SHF - super high frequency – сверхвысокая частота
SMS - Short Message Service – служба коротких сообщений
SP – space character – символ пробела
SSI – small scale integration – интеграция малого уровня
T
TCP – Transmission Control Protocol – транспортный протокол
TF – time factor – коэффициент времени
Turbo Pascal – быстродействующий компилятор для языка Паскаль
U
ULSI – ultra large-scale integration – интеграция ультравысокого уровня
UNIVAC – UNIVersal Automatic Computer – универсальный автоматический компьютер
UNIX - a multi-user operating system - UNIX многопользовательская многозадачная операционная система, первоначально разработанная Кеном Томпсоном (Ken Thompson) и Денисом Ритчи (Dennis Ritchie) в компании AT&T Bell Laboratory в 1969 г. для использования в мини-компьютерах; в настоящее время существует в различных формах и реализациях; считается мощной операционной системой, которая менее машинозависима, чем остальные операционные системы; написана на языке С.
UPS – uninterrupted power supply – бесперебойный источник питания
URL – Universal Resource Locator – универсальный указатель ресурсов
V
v.f. – video frequency - видеочастота
VHF – very high frequency
VLSI – very large-scale integration – интеграция сверхвысокого уровня
VOR -Very High Frequency Omnidirectional Range - всенаправленный курсовой радиомаяк УKB-диапазона
VRML – Virtual Reality Modeling Language – язык моделирования виртуальной реальности
W
WAN – wide-area network – глобальная сеть
Wi-Fi – wireless fidelity – беспроводная система с высокой точностью воспроизведения
WWW – World Wide Web – Всемирная информационная сеть
ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ
1.ВВЕДЕНИЕ……………………….……………………………………....3 UNIT 1 PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES…………………………..5 UNIT 2 OPERATIONAL SYSTEMS………….………………….... 27 UNIT 3 RADIO WAVES…………………………………………… … 34 UNIT 4 FREQUENCY CONVERTERS……………………………….. 44 UNIT 5 AMPLIFIERS …………………………..……………………... 51 UNIT 6 FEEDERS………………………..…………………………... 58 UNIT 7 COMPUTER CRIMES…………………..……………………. 65 UNIT 8 VIRUSES…………….……………………………………….. 73 UNIT 9 MOBILE PHONES AND SMS……………………………. 83 UNIT 10 SMART STUFF……………………………………………….89 UNIT 11 INTERNET ………………………..…………………….……99 SUPPLEMENTARY READING ……………………… …….... 111 GLOSSARY ………………………………………………………...… 148
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