Table 3 First Consonant Shift

Indo-Eur. Germanic	Indo-Eur. Germanic	Indo-Eur. Germanic
p > f t > þ k > h	b > p d > t g > k	bh > b dh > d gh > g

 

Stop – смычный согласный звук

fricative - щелевой звук

aspired - придыхательный.

Table 4 Examples of the First Cosonant Shift

Sounds	Examples
Indo-Europ.	Germ.	Indo-European	Germanic
p	f	Lat. pater «отец» Greek pater Sanskr. pitar	Goth. fadar Eng father Germ. Vater
f	p	Lat. Tres «три» Greek treis	Goth. þreis [өri:s] Eng. three
k	h	Lat. Noctem «ночь» (Вин.п.) Greek nykta	Goth. nachts Germ. Nacht
b	p	Russ. болото	Eng. pool
d	t	Lat. duo «два» Greek dyo	Goth. twai Eng. two
g	k	Lat. granum «зерно»	Goth. kaurn Eng. corn
bh	b	Sanskr. Bhratar «брат» Lat. frater Greek þhrator	Goth. broþar Eng. brother
dh	d	Sanskr. madhu Russ. мед	Old Eng. madu
gh	g	Lat. hostis Russ. гость	Goth. gast Germ. Gast

 

In question – о котором идет речь

Evident – очевидный

 

 

Table 5 Verner’s Law

Indo-European	Germanic
p t k s	b ð/d g z/r
Greek hepta Greek pater Greek dekas Sanskr ayas	Goth. sibun “seven” Old Scan. faðir OE fæder Goth. tigus “ten” Goth. aiz OHG er “bronze”

Rotatism – ротацизм

Correspondens – соответствие

Vocal cords - голосовые связки

Substratum – субстрат

Table 6

OE	teon	teah	tuƷon	toƷen
OSx	tiohan	toh	Tugun	giitogan
Goth	tiuhan	tauh	Tauhum	tauhans
OE	ceosan	ceas	Curon	coren
OIcl	kiosa	kaus	Kørom	kørenn
Goth	kiusan	kaus	Kusum	kusans

Ablaut = gradation - аблаут

Alteration – чередование

Table 7

quantitative	e /a	OHG stelan	Stal	красть
	e / o	Lat. tego	Toga	покрывать
qualitative
	OG bindan	band	Bundan	связывать
mixed	OE findan	fand	Fundan	искать

Conjugation – спряжение, изменение

Umlaut = mutation – умлаут, перемена звучания

Table 8

Class	Infinitive	Past singular	Past plural	Participle II
I	i:	ai	I	i
II	iu	au	U	u
III	i	a	U	u
IV	i	a	E	u
V	i	a	E	i

Table 8 a

Class	Infinitive	Past singular	Past plural	Participle II
I	reisan вставать	rais	Risum	risans
II	kiusan выбирать	kaus	Kusum	kusans
III	bindan связывать	band	Bundum	bundans
IV	stilan красть	stal	Stelum	stulans
V	giban давать	gaf	Gebum	gibans

 

Trace – след

Table 9

Class	Infinitive	Past singular	Past plural	Participle II
I	hausjan слышать	hausida	Hausidedam	hausiþs
II	salbon мазать	salboda	Salbodedum	salboþs
III	haban иметь	habaida	Habaidedum	habaiþs
IV	fullnan наполняться	fullnoda	Fullnodedum	-

Notional - понятийный

Fuse - сплавление, соединение

Outlook - мировоззрение

Declination - склонение

Conventionally - соответственно

Instance - пример

 

Þ

 

The British

Britain, as far as we can trace men in our island, was first inhabited by cave-men, who have left no history at all. In the conrse of ages they passed away before the Iberians, or Ivernians. who came from the east and bore a striking resemblance to the Basques. It may be that some Mongolian tribe, wandering west, drawn by the instinct which has driven most race-migrations westward, sent offshoots north and south — one to brave the dangers of the sea and inhabit Britain and Ireland, one to cross the Pyrenees and remain sheltered in their deep ravines. These sturdy vovagers were short and dark, harsh-featured and long-headed, worshipping the powers of Nature with mysterious and cruel rites of human sacrifice, holding beliefs in totems and ancestor-worship. When the stronger and more civilised Celt came he drove before him these little dark men, he enslaved their survivors and wedded their women and in his turn fell into slavery to the cruel Druidic religion of his subjects. To these Iberians, and to the Celtic dread of them, we probably owe all the stories of dwarfs, goblins, elves and earth-gnomes; and if we examine carefully the descriptions of the abodes of these beings weshall find them not inconsistent with the earth-dwellings,calves, circle huts, or even withthe burial mounds, of the Iberian race.

Therace that followed the Iberians, and drove them out or subdued them, was the proud Aryan Celticrace. Of different tribes. Gaels. Brythons and Belgae, they were all one in spirit and one in physical feature.

Tall, blue-eyed, with fair or red hair, they overpowed the deminutive Iberians in every way. Their civilisation was of much higher type than that of the Iberians; their weapons, their war cheriots. their mode of life are all so closely similar to that of the Greeks of Homer that a theory has been advanced and ably defended that when on the continent the Celts - Gaelic or Gaulish tribes from the north of Europe —had been invaded by the Homeric Greeks. It is to the Celts that we owe a debt imperishable culture and civilisation. To them belongs our passion for the past, the atdent patriotism, the longingfor spiritual beauty. so different from the Saxon materialism.

The Celt, however, had his day of supremacy and passed: the Roman crushed his power of initiative and made him helpless and dependent, and the Teuton — whether as Saxon. Angle, Frisian or Jute – dwelt in his homes, and ruled his former land. The Tutton was a hardier, more sturdy man than the Celt: he was by choice a warrior and a sailor, a wanderer to other lands. To him physical cowardice was the inforgivable sin, next to his chieftain. A quiet death-bed was the worst end to a man’slife, in the Anglo-Saxon's creed: it was «a cow's death», to be avoided by everything; in one's power, the only worthy finish to a warrior's life being a death in fight. Perhaps there was little of spiritual insight in the minds of these Angles and Salons, little have a beauty, little care for the amenities of life; but they had a stnrdy loyaty, an uprightness, a brave disregard of death in the cause of duty, which we can still recognize in modern Englishmen. •

When the English, or Anglo-Saxons, as we generally call them, had settled down in England, united their warring tribes and developed a somewhat centralised government, their whole national existance was imperilled by the incursions of the Danes, or Northmen, Vikings from Norway and Iceland whose fame and dread of whom went before them. They were related to the nations they came to harry and plunder, that their spirit was different from that of the conquered Teutonic tribes. The rapturous fight with the elements in which the Northman lived and moved and had his being, gave hin a strain of ruthless cruelty unlike anything in the more peaceful Anglo-Saxon character. There was also a power of bold and daring actions, of reckless valour, of rapid conception and execution, which contrasted strongly with the slower and more placid temperament of the Anglo-Saxon, and to their strain modren Englishment probably owe the power of initiative, the love of adventure and the daring action which have made England the greatest colonising nation on the earth.

These were far from the last men of many nations that were brought to England by won, trade, love of adventure on religion and with whom the English came into contact during their long and colourful history, all of them having their trace. With all these different elements amalgemated in one, it is no wonder that the present-day English nation, its nature and beliefs represented in its language are a unique phenomenon worthy of careful and detailed study.

After M.I.Ehbutt

LECTURE 2 The History of the English Language Part 1

 

Plan 1. The problem of Enlish language periodisation.   2. Outer history of the Old English 2.1. Early settlers 2,2. The Celts and their languages 2.3The Romans’ invasion 3. The dialects in Old English 4. Old English written records

Программа 1. Периодизация истории английского языка. 2. Основные события этнической истории Западной Европы (в особенности Британии), создающие специфику лингвистической ситуации и вариативности языка этого периода. Кельтский субстрат:а) кельты и их языки; б) кельтские этнические традиции в ранней Британии; в) британские кельты в составе Римской империи. 3. Эпоха этнического расширения англосаксов в Бритиании. Зарождение, географический ареал распостранения, генеалогическая характеристика. Социальные структуры и этнокультурные доминанты эпохи. Кельто-германские межэтнические контакты в англо-саксонской Британии. Обращение Британии в христианство. Влияние храистианства на этносоциальные структуры и этнокультурные доминанты древних англичан и на их язык. 4. Древнеанглийский язык в контексте древнегерманской культуры.Источники научных знаний о древнеанглийском языке. Термин и понятие «древнеанглийский (англосаксонский) язык». Хронология древнеанглийского периода. Англо-саксонские диалекты и литературный язык того времени, специфика взаимодействия диалектов и литерптурного языка. 5. Письменные памятники того периода. Типы памятников в зависимости от жанра, исполнения, диалекта, этнокультурных традиций и исполнения. Рунические тексты в Древней Англии. Латинизированные алфавитные системы. Особенности их распостранения в Древней Англии. Система звукобуквенных соответствий в древнеанглийском языке.

 

Literature:

1. Reznik R.V., Sorokina T.S., Reznik I.V. A History of the English Language. М: Флинта: Наука, 2001.

2. B.A. Ilyish. The History of the English Language. М., 1968.

3. T.A. Rastorgueva. A History of English. М.,1983.

4. Б.А. Ильиш. История английского языка. М., 1968.

5. Иванова И.П., Чахоян Л.П., Беляева Т.М. История английского языка. Спб., 1999.

6. Хлебникова И.Б. Введение в германскую филологию и историю языка. Калинин, 1975.

7. Шапошникова И.В. История английского языка: Учебник. Новосибирск, 2008.

8. Гуревич А.Я. Походы викингов. www. natahaus.ru

9. Стриннгольм А.М. Походы викингов. http://ihtik.lib.ru

10. Смирницкий А.И. Древнеанглийский язык. www. natahaus.ru

11. Нейман С.Ю. Английский язык. Омск.2005.

The problem of Enlish language periodisation.

Old English (5^th – 11^th century)

Middle English (11^th – 15^th century)

New English (15^th – till now)

rapid - быстрый

conventionally

milestone – веха, краеугольный камень

recession – кризис, спад, упадок

pesistantly - настоятельно

Norman Conquest – Норманское завоевание

Wars of the Roses – Война Алой и Белой Роз

reestablishment – образование

decisive - решающий

tribal - племенной

accept – допускать, принимать

descrepancy

attach – придавать

give ground – дать основание

stock

neglect – недооценивать, отрицать

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