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Степени сравнения(degrees of comparison)
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Имя прилагательное – часть речи, обозначающая признак предмета, его качество или свойство: a sick boy, small arteries.
Имена прилагательные имеют положительную, сравнительную и превосходную степени. Они образуются следующим образом:
1. у односложных и некоторых двусложных прилагательных с помощью суффикса -er для сравнительной степени и -est для превосходной степени;
2. у многосложных прилагательных добавлением слова more (более) или less (менее) в сравнительной степени и most (наиболее) или least (наименее) в превосходной степени.
Положительная Сравнительная Превосходная
степень степень степень
large larger the largest
easy easier the easiest
interesting more (less) interesting the most (least) interesting
important more (less) important the most (least) important
Некоторые прилагательные и наречия образуют степени сравнения от разных основ.
Положительная Сравнительная Превосходная
степень степень степень
good, well better the best
bad, badly worse the worst
many, much more the most
little less the least
Ср.: few fewer the fewest
Для сравнения двух предметов одинакового качества прилагательное в положительной степени ставится между парными союзами as … as (такой же … как, так же … как).
Anatomy is as interesting as physiology.
В отрицательных предложениях первое as обычно заменяется на so.
The walls of capillaries are not so sick as the walls of larger arteries and veins.
Задание 10. a) Образуйте сравнительную и превосходную степень:
tall, long, important, old, small, warm, cold, big, necessary, heavy, easy, large, pretty, splendid, cheap, good, responsible, deep, happy, high, many, early, great, new, clear, much, interesting, little
b) Переведите следующие словосочетания:
1) better knowledge of Biology
2) you must know this better
3) to carry out less experiments
4) the most responsible
5) to know worst of all
Задание 11. Определите, при помощи каких слов происходит сравнение в предложениях, и переведите их:
1) I am as tired as he is.
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2) You must be more responsible for your work than he is.
3) He knows Latin worse than his friend does.
4) Your friend’s knowledge of Anatomy is not so deep as yours.
5) They came to the university earlier than usual.
Задание 12. Прочтите и переведите предложения на русский язык. Определите формы прилагательных.
1) Text 1 is difficult. Text 2 is more difficult than text 1. It is the most difficult text in the textbook.
2) Our university is close to the metro station, but the chemist’s shop is closer to it. The closest building to the metro station is the post office.
3) Those seats are comfortable. Our seats are less comfortable, but the least comfortable seat is near the door.
4) It’s easy for me to get up early. It’s still easier in summer, and I always get up early. To get up early is the easiest thing for me.
5) Your translation is good, but Smirnov’s translation is better. It’s the best work in your group.
6) The weather was bad yesterday, but today it is still worse. Bad weather is the worst thing when you have your summer holidays.
Задание 13. Закончите предложения, используя прилагательные в скобках в сравнительной степени.
1) This problem is (complicated) than we at first thought.
2) The discovery which was made by the team of researchers is (important) than it may seem.
3) The new building of the university is (big) than the old one.
4) Microscopic anatomy (микроскопическая анатомия, гистология) is (young) than gross anatomy (макроскопическая анатомия).
5) You have made many mistakes. You must be (attentive).
6) The weather today is (bad) than yesterday.
7) The patient is much (good) today.
Задание 14. Перефразируйте предложения, используя выделенные прилагательные в превосходной степени.
1) I think that your theory is logical. It’s _____ I’ve heard so far.
2) Metabolism is very important for living organisms. It is one of _____ life activities.
3) You explanation is very good. It is _____ which has been given for this phenomenon.
4) Professor K. is very famous. He is one of _____ heart surgeons in the world.
5) The operation was good. It was one of _____ of its kind.
6) The discovery of antibiotics was really great. It was one of _____ in the history of medicine.
7) Show me, please, a short way to the station. This is _____ to the station.
Задание 15. Закончите предложения, используя подходящие по смыслу формы прилагательных.
1) My (oldest, eldest) brother is an engineer. I’ve got two brothers. They are (older, elder) than I am.
2) Oxford and Cambridge are the (oldest, eldest) universities in Great Britain.
3) If you need (farther, further) information ask the doctor on duty, please.
4) The hospital was situated much (farther, further) than we expected and the sate of the patient changed for the (worst, worse).
5) I need (more, most) time to finish the work.
Задание 16. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
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1) Какое здание самое высокое в вашем городе?
2) Она старше своей сестры.
3) Мне нужна комната поменьше.
4) это самое сложное задание в контрольной работе.
5) Его заболевание более серьезное, чем мы думали.
6) Дождливая погода хуже солнечной.
7) Новое здание больницы больше и лучше старого.
8) Он лучший хирург в нашей больнице.
9) Ваша лабораторная работа самая плохая.
Задание 17. Ответьте на вопросы по образцу:
Model: Which contains more scientific information: a scientific article or an
ordinary one?
A scientific article contains more scientific information.
1) Which contains more examinations: the first session in winter or the second one
in spring?
2) Which contains more subjects: the first term or the second one?
3) Which contains more departments: a large hospital or a small one?
4) Which contains more days: February or January?
5) Which subject is more difficult Anatomy or Biology?
*Задание 18.
A. В следующих предложениях составное именное сказуемое выражено глаголом-связкой to be и прилагательным в сравнительной степени (adj+er, more/less + adj) или в превосходной степени (adj+est, most/least + adj).
Пример:
The epidermis is thinn er than the dermis.
A ventricle is more muscular than an atrium
The skin on the foot’s sole (подошва; ступня) is the thick est in the body
Б. Найдите составное именное сказуемое (прилагательное в структуре сказуемого может иметь уточняющее наречие), определите степень сравнения прилагательного и переведите предложения.
1) The epidermis is thinner than the dermis.
2) Veins are less muscular than arteries.
3) A ventricle is more muscular than an atrium.
4) The male is generally more muscular than the female.
5) The dermis is much thicker than the epidermis.
6) The skin on the foot's sole is the thickest in the body.
7) The right renal artery is longer and a little lower than the left.
8) Metabolism is more active in the young than in the adult.
9) Ice is about one tenth less dense than water.
10) Inspiration is slightly shorter than expiration.
11) The right lung is slightly wider, shorter, and taller than the left.
12) The white cells are usually larger than the red cells.
13) Some drugs are much more dangerous than others.
14) Veins are much more variable in location and distribution.
15) Viruses are structurally much simpler than bacteria.
16) The facial bones are smaller and more complex than the cranial bones.
17) Of the inorganic compounds of living systems, water is without doubt the most abundant and important.
18) The two ventricles are much more muscular than the left atrium and the right atrium.
*Задание 19.
А. В следующих предложениях найдите прилагательные в превосходной степени (adj+ est, most / least +adj), которые выполняют функцию определения существительного в структуре составного именного сказуемого.
Пример:
The liver is the largest internal organ.
Bacteria are the most abundant organisms on the Earth
Б. Переведите предложения.
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1) The skin is the largest organ of the body.
2) The cell is the smallest biological unit.
3) Sight is our most dominant sense.
4) Proteins are the most important builders in the body.
5) Malignant melanoma is the worst of the three types.
6) The knee is the largest and most complex joint in the body.
7) The stomach is the widest and most elastic part of the alimentary canal.
8) The nature of the pain is the best guide to the diagnosis.
9) Aristotle (384-322 ВС) was one of the best naturalists of all times.
10) For the early biologists, the physical similarities between organisms were the
most important feature.
11) Physicians in Ancient Egypt were undoubtedly the best doctors of the day.
12) The liver is the largest gland in the human body and one of the most complex
of all human organs.
III. Reading
1. Прочтите про себя текст «Клятва Гиппократа». 1) Найдите и прочтите вслух те предложения, где говорится об этических принципах, которые должен соблюдать врач. 2) Прочтите и переведите выделенные слова.
The Hippocratic Oath
I swear by Apollo – the physician, by Asclepius Hygeia and Panaces, and I take to witness all the gods, the goddesses, to keep according to my ability the following Oath.
I will prescribe regimen for the good of me patients according to my ability and never do harm to anyone. I will not prescribe a deadly drug, nor give advice which may cause him death.
In every house where I come I will enter only for the good of my patients, I will keep myself far from all intentional ill-doing, and especially from the pleasures of love with women or with men, be they free or slaves. All that may come to my knowledge in the exercise of my profession or outside of my profession, which must not be spread abroad, I will keep secret and will never reveal.
If I keep this oath faithfully, may I enjoy my life and practise my art, respected by all men and in all times, but if I swerve from it or violate it, mat the reverse be my lot.
2. Прочтите текст, обращая внимание на выделенные слова:
to belong – принадлежать
affectionate –нежный, понимающий, ласковый
unselfish – бескорыстный
daily – ежедневный, ежедневно
feature – черта, свойство
To become a good doctor medical student must study well at the University. Deep knowledge will be necessary to them in the future work. But professional knowledge is not enough to become a doctor. “Only a good person may become a good doctor” – these words belong to the doctor of philosophy V.Begansky. A doctor is a person who can do more than just diagnose a disease, but who can absorb the pain of his patients and find an affectionate word for everyone. He must be honest, unselfish, industrious, attentive to other people. The daily contacts of a doctor with patients, who wait for his help, require some special abilities and personal features. Love for man and optimism are among the most important of them.
IV. Задание 1. Познакомившись с содержанием текстов занятия, ответьте на вопросы:
1. How can you describe a good doctor?
2. What is he responsible for?
Задание 2. Согласитесь или опровергните следующие высказывания.
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1. Once you start studying medicine you never get through with it. Charles H. Mayo
2. The aim of medicine is to prevent disease and prolong life; the ideal of medicine is to eliminate the need of a physician. William J. Mayo
3. The trouble with doctors is not that they don’t know enough, but that they don’t see enough. Sir Dominic J. Corrigan, 1853
4. Civilization and intellectual growth depend largely on preventive medicine. William J. Mayo
Use the following phrases:
It is a well known fact that … Хорошо известно, что …
It is well understood that … Понятно, что …
No doubt … Несомненно …
Besides … In addition to… Кроме того …
Firstly… (secondly, thirdly) … Во-первых (во-вторых, в-третьих)
Fortunately (Unfortunately) … К счастью … (к сожалению) …
What is more … Более того …
And at last … И наконец …
To sum it up … Подводя итог …
As for me … Что касается меня …
If you want my opinion … Если вы хотите знать мое мнение …
It seems to me … Мне кажется …
I’m sure … Я уверен …
I can’t but mention … Не могу не упомянуть …
As I have already mentioned … Как я уже упомянул …
As I have already told … Как я уже сказал …
As far as I understood from the text … Насколько я понял из текста
I’d like to add … Мне бы хотелось добавить …
In conclusion I would say … В заключении я бы сказал …
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