Вставьте необходимые слова вместо пропусков.

1. A personal computer is a small relatively inexpensive de-

vice designed for an individual_______________.

a) person; b) producer; c) user

2. One of the first and most popular personal computer was

____________ in 1977.

a) interpreted; b) introduced; c) integrated

3. All personal computers are based on___________ technology,

its CPU being called MPU.

a) microscopy; b) microprocessor; c) microelement

4. Very soon a microcomputer was___________ from a calcula-

tor into a PC for everyone.

a) transformed; b) transferred; c) transported

5. Input in PC is usually performed by means of a____________.

a) mouse; b) scanner; c) keyboard

6. A personal computer uses_________ disks as input and out-

put media.

a) hard; b) fixed; c) floppy

7. Personal computers have a lot of_______________, scientific, en­
gineering, educational being among them.

a) multiplication; b) application; c) investigation

Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности 144

8. Personal computers have a great______ upon pupils,

educators, accountants, stock brokers and who not.

a) influence; b) information; c) environment

9. A word processing program called application______

enables you to modify any document in a manner you wish.

a) hardware; b) software; c) firmware

10. Using a display you can_____ mistakes,______ words

and replace sentences.

a) delete; b) dial; c) correct

2. Найдите в предложениях неличные формы глагола и назовите их:

A. a) Gerund; b) Present Participle Active; с) Present Participle
Passive; d) Past Participle Passive; e) Perfect Participle Active;
f) Perfect Participle Passive.

1. When keyed the data are held in a small memory called buffer. 2. Data keyed into the memory of a computer by typing on a keyboard are readable by humans. 3. Keyboard enables inputting numerical and text data. 4. The mouse provides the cursor control simplifying user's orientation on the display. 5. Having been constructed recently a new electronic device has important applications in space exploration. 6. Being supplied with a special appliance a television set may have a remote con­trol. 7. The control unit operates by reading one instruction at a time. 8. Improved methods of obtaining three-dimensional television pictures have been worked on the basis of holography.

B. a) Indefinite Infinitive Active; b) Indefinite Infinitive Ibssive;
c) Continuous Infinitive Active; d) Perfect Infinitive Active;
e) Perfect Infinitive Passive.

1. Input devices are used to enter data into primary storage.

2. These data appeared to have been investigated long ago.

3. \№ are glad to have obtained such valuable results. 4. You
should have known wonderful features of computers long ago.
5. The problem to be solved is of great importance to the de­
velopment of this branch of industry. 6. The first amplifying
semiconductor devices (transistors) are known to have been
developed in the USA in 1948. 7. He ordered these devices to
be repaired as soon as possible.

14 5 _____________________ Unit 10. Person al Computers

3. Прочтите текст. Выберите основную мысль для каждо­го абзаца из предложенных ниже.

PERSONAL COMPUTERS

The personal computer can serve as a work station for the individual today. Moreover, as it has become financially feasi­ble to provide a computer for the individual worker, so also tech­nical developments have made the interface between man and machine increasingly "friendly", so that a wide array of com­puter functions are now accessible to people with no technical background.

A personal computer is a small computer based on a micro­processor; it is a microcomputer. Not all computers, however, are personal computers. A microcomputer can be dedicated to a single task such as controlling a machine tool or metering the injection of fuel into an automobile engine; it can be a word processor, a video game or a "pocket computer" that is not quite a computer. A personal computer is something different: a stand­alone computer that puts a wide array of capabilities at the dis­posal of an individual.

The first generation of true personal computers, which came on the market between 1977 and 1981, had eight-bit micropro­cessors; later introduced systems had 16-bits ones. Now 32-bit microprocessor chips are available, and soon they will be includ­ed in complete computer systems.

1. a) Performance of a wide array of computer functions;

b) Accessibility of PC for not professionals.

c) Friendly interface of a personal computer.

2. a) A microprocessor-based PC;

b) PC — a pocket computer;

c) Comparison of a microcomputer and a PC.

3. a) Microprocessor's capacity;

b) The growth of MPC's capacity;

c) The first generation of personal computers.

Unit 11 COMPUTER PROGRAMMING

1. Ознакомьтесь с терминами текста 1.

equation [i'kwei/эп] — уравнение, приравнивание

list of instructions — перечень команд

guard ['gad] — защищать; предохранять; завершать; за­канчивать

appropriate sequence [a'propnit 'sikwans] — необходимая (требуемая) последовательность

program logic — логическая последовательность выпол­нения программы

flowchart ['floutfat] — блок-схема; составлять блок-схе­му

flowcharting — построение блок-схемы pictorial representation — наглядное представление

predefined symbols [pndi'famd 'simbslz] — заранее задан­ные символы

specifics [spa'sifiks] — специальные черты; характерные особенности

emplate [im'pleit] — шаблон; маска; образец; эталон

pseudocode ['psju:doukoud] — псевдокод; псевдопро­грамма

burden ['bsidanj — издержки ^затраты programming rules — правила программирования consume [kan'sjuim] — потреблять; расходовать emphasize ['emfasaiz] — выделять; подчеркивать top-down approach — принцип нисходящей разработки

looping logic — логическая схема выполнения (опера­ций) в цикле

147 Unit 11. Computer Programming

2. Прочтите текст и объясните, как вы понимаете термин «компьютерное программирование».

Text 1. COMPUTER PROGRAMMING

Programming is the process of preparing a set of coded in­structions which enables the computer to solve specific prob­lems or to perform specific functions. Theiessence of computer programmingjis the encoding of the program for the computer by means of algorythms. The thing is that any problem is ex­pressed in mathematical terms, it contains formulae, equations and calculations^ But the computer cannot manipulate formu­lae, equations and calculations. Any problem must be specially processed for the computer to understand it, that is — coded or programmed.

The phase in which the system's computer programs are written is called the development phase. The programs are lists of instructions that will be followed by the control unit of the central processing unit (CPU). The instructions of the program must be complete and in the appropriate sequence, or else the wrong answers will result. To guard against these errors in logic and to document the program's logical approach, logic plans should be developed.

There are two common techniques for planning the logic of a program. The first technique is flowcharting. A flowchart is a plan in the form of a graphic or pictorial representation that uses predefined symbols to illustrate the program logic. It is, there­fore, a "picture" of the logical steps to be performed by the computer. Each of the predefined symbol shapes stands for a general operation. The symbol shape communicates the nature of the general operation, and the specifics are written within the symbol. A plastic or metal guide called a template is used to make drawing the symbols easier.

The second technique for planning program logic is called pseudocode. Pseudocode is an imitation of actual program in­structions. It allows a program-like structure without the bur­den of programming rules to follow. Pseudocode is less time-consuming for the professional programmer than is flowcharting. It also emphasizes a top-down approach to program structure.

Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности 148

Pseudocode has three basic structures: sequence, decision, and looping logic. With these three structures, any required logic can be expressed.

3. Просмотрите текст еще раз и ответьте на вопросы, ис­
пользуя информацию текста.

1. What is programming? 2. What is the essence of program­ming? 3. What should be done with the problem before process­ing by the computer? 4. What is a program? 5. What are instruc­tions? 6. What are the main techniques for planning the program logic? 7. What is a flowchart? 8. What is a template and what is it used for? 9. What do you understand by "pseudocode"? 10. What are the basic structures of pseudocode?

4. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих
словосочетаний:

Совокупность закодированных'команд; суть компьютер­ного программирования; кодирование посредством алгорит­ма; формулы, уравнения, вычисления; обработать особым образом; перечень команд; необходимая последователь­ность; защищать от ошибок; составлять план логической последовательности; общепринятая методика; логическая последовательность выполнения программы; построение блок-схемы; наглядное представление; заранее заданные символы; шаблон; псевдопрограмма; без издержек; выде­лять принцип нисходящей обработки; расходовать меньше времени; логическая схема выполнения операций в цикле; необходимая последовательность операций.

5. Подберите из предложенных ниже русских словосоче­
таний значения следующих терминов на английском
языке:

Program: access program; application program; archived program; binary program; common program; compatible / in­compatible program; control / management program; database program; debugging program; educational / teaching / training program; free program; general-purpose program; high-perfor­mance program; off-line program; on-line program; operating (-system) program; processing program; protected-mode pro­gram; remote program; running program; self-loading program;

149________________________ Unit 11. Computer Pro gramming

simulation program; support program; utility program; virus-detection program; watch-dog program.

Программа в двоичном коде; прикладная программа; (не) совместимая программа; бесплатная программа; про­грамма отладки; сторожевая программа; дистанционная программа; программа моделирования; сервисная про­грамма; вспомогательная программа; программа для дос­тупа (к данным); заархивированная программа; програм­ма, работающая с базой данных; обучающая программа; программа, выполняемая с большой скоростью; универ­сальная программа; программа, выполняемая в защищен­ном режиме; программа обработки данных; программа операционной системы (системная программа); выполня­емая программа; сетевая /несетевая программа; самоза­гружающаяся программа; часто используемая (распростра­ненная) программа; программа управления; программа обнаружения вирусов.

6. Переведите предложения, содержащие сослагательное
наклонение.

1. 1 should like to be a top specialist in computer technolo­gy. 2. It is necessary that the program should be debugged (отлажена) by a programmer. 3. It is required that the program­mer should code the instructions of the program in the appro­priate sequence. 4. The manager demanded that the work should be performed in time. 5. Write down the algorythm of comput­er operations lest you should make errors. 6. Our teacher speaks English as if he were a real Englishman. 7. Without the Sun there would be no light, no heafe, no energy of any kind. 8.1 wish it were summer now and we could go to the seaside. 9. American scientists suggested that the quantum generator should be called laser, which is the acronym for fight amplification by stimulat­ed emission of radiation. 10.1 wished you had mentioned these facts while the subject was being discussed.

7. Ознакомьтесь с терминами текста 2.

programming language — язык программирования

coded form — кодированный вид; кодированное пред­ставление

to convey — передавать; сообщать

Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности 150

to improve — улучшать, совершенствовать

machine-oriented language — машинно-ориентирован­ный язык

business-oriented language — язык для (программирова­ния) экономических задач

problem-oriented language — проблемно-ориентирован­ный язык

string of binary — строка двоичного представления data handling — обработка данных; работа с данными field-name length — длина имени поля incorporate features — включать свойства, особенности versatile — многофункциональный; разносторонний;

универсальный generous — большой, значительный (о количестве)

mathematical relationship — математическая связь (соот­ношение)

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