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Прочтите текст и объясните, что представляют собой языки программирования.
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Text 2. PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
Let's assume that we have studied the problem, designed a \
logical plan (our flowchart or pseudocode), and are now ready \
to write the program instructions. The process of writing pro- j
gram instructions is called coding. The instructions will be writ-.
ten on a form called a coding form.^The instructions we write ■
will be recorded in a machine-readable form using a keypunch, ;
key-to-tape, or key-to-disk, or entered directly into computer;
memory through a terminal keyboard.
The computer cannot understand instructions written in just ■ v
any old way. The instructions must be written according to a set!
of rules. These rules are the foundation of a programming Ian- j
guage. A programming language must convey the logical steps ■*
of the program plan in such a way that the control unit of the \
CPU can interpret and follow the instructions. Programming j
languages have improved throughout the years, just as comput- I.
er hardware has improved. They have progressed from machine- \
151_______________________ Unit 11. Computer Programming
oriented languages that use strings of binary Is and 0s to problem-oriented languages that use common mathematical and/or English terms.
There are over 200 problem-oriented languages. The most common of them are COBOL, FORTRAN, PL/I, RPG, BASIC, PASCAL.
COBOL
COBOL was the most widely used business-oriented programming language. Its name is an acronym for Common Јlisi-ncss-Oriented Zanguage. COBOL was designed to solve problems that are oriented toward data handling and input-output operations. Of course, COBOL can perform arithmetic operations as well, but its greatest flexibility is in data handling. COBOL also was designed as a self-documenting language. Self-documenting languages are those that do not require a great deal of explanation in order to be understood by someone reading the program instructions. The self-documenting aspect of COBOL is made possible by its sentencelike structure and the very generous maximum symbolic field-name length of 30 characters. With a field-name length of up to 30 characters, the name can clearly identify the field and its purpose.
FORTRAN IV
The FORTRAN IV language is oriented toward solving problems of a mathematical nature. The name FORTRAN comes from the combination of the words formula translation. The version of FORTRAN IV has been designed as algebra-based programming language. Any formula or those mathematical relationships that can be expressed algebraically can easily be expressed as a FORTRAN instruction. FORTRAN is the most commonly used language for scientific applications.
PL/I
PL/I stands for programming language I. It was designed as a general-purpose language incorporating features similar to COBOL for data handling instructions and features similar to FORTRAN for mathematical instructions. PL/I is much more than a combination of the good features of both COBOL and FORTRAN, as it has many capabilities that are unique. Yet, although PL/I is one of the most versatile and the most powerful of the programming languages, it is not the most commonly
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Английский язык. Оыюяыквивыотерной грамотности 252
used. COBOL and FORTRAN have been available for a longer period of time than PL/I, and many more users work with those languages.
9. Просмотрите текст еще раз и ответьте на вопросы, ис
пользуя информацию текста.
1. What is the process of writing instructions called? 2. What is a code? 3. How must instructions be written? 4. What is the foundation of any programming language? 5. How was the development of programming languages progressing throughout the years? 6. What are the most common problem-oriented languages? 7. What is COBOL? 8. What functions was COBOL designed for? 9. What does FORTRAN serve for? 10. What capabilities has PL/I?
10. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих
словосочетаний:
Языки программирования; блок-схема; кодированная форма; вид, удобочитаемый для компьютера; в соответствии с набором правил; представить логические шаги программы; таким образом; совершенствовать языки программирования; машинно-ориентированные языки; проблемно-ориентированные языки; обычный термин; язык для программирования экономических задач; обработка информации; операции по вводу-выводу данных; гибкость; идентифицировать поле и его цели; решение проблем математического характера; сферы научного применения; универсальный язык; включать свойства; уникальные возможности; многофункциональный и самый мощный из языков программирования.
11. Найдите в текстах 1 и 2 слова, близкие по значению
следующим:
Nouns: command; line; characteristic; form; evolution; enumeration; mistake; method; character; manual (instruction); consumption; storage; basics; abbreviation; interpretation; correlation; possibility.
Verbs: include; inform; process; protect; apply; permit; stress; suppose; learn; make up; write; key; explain; define; perfect; advance; decide; execute; demand.
153 Unit 11. Computer Programming
Adjectives: full; incorrect; usual; necessary; accessible; required; considerable; floppy; possible.
12. Переведите условные сложноподчиненные предложе
ния. Обратите внимание на форму выражения разных
типов условия.
I. 1. If you try very hard you can master any language. 2. If
you want to master any language you must know at least three
thousand words. 3. You will improve your pronunciation if you
read aloud every day. 4. Time will be saved if one uses a com
puter. 5. If you learn all the words of the lesson you will write
your test successfully. 6. If you or I add up two numbers of six
figures without a calculator, it will take us a lot of time.
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II. 1. It would be a good thing if you didn't smoke. 2. If the
earth didn't rotate it wouldn't have the shape of a ball. 3. If I
had the time I should help you to solve the problem. But I must
be off. 4.1 should translate the article without difficulty if I knew
English well. 5. If I were in your place I should learn to speak
English fluently. 6. Were you asked to explain why addition is
performed the way it is, you would probably have to think for a
while before answering.
HI. 1.1 decided to stay at home last night. I would have gone out if I hadn't been so tired. 2. Had he not been busy, he wouldn't have missed that conference. 3. Why didn't you phone me yesterday? I would have helped you. 4. If you had attended preliminary courses, you would have passed you examinations more successfully. 5. Had the manager had this information before, he would have acted differently. 6. The binary system is particulary appropriate to the nature of an electric machine; if it had not existed, computer designers would have had to invent it.
13. Выполните перевод следующих текстов письменно по
вариантам.
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