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22*. Translate one paragraph from the following text in a written form paying attention to its grammar, lexical, and stylistic peculiarities. Discuss your translations in the group.
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22*. Translate one paragraph from the following text in a written form paying attention to its grammar, lexical, and stylistic peculiarities. Discuss your translations in the group.
Evaluation of Literature
One strategy for identifying the trends and patterns in the literature (suggested by Hubbuch, 1992, 133) is to make a table as follows: Author, Theory, Main Argument/Hypothesis, Key concepts/assumptions, Method, Results, Major point to make in my discussion (evaluation + connection).
Fill the boxes corresponding to each row (article/book), and then based on this table compose the literature review through a critical, thematic evaluation. Obviously, you need to fill brief and most pertinent notes in each box to keep the table manageable and make this strategy useful for you. The column headings can be as specific and detailed as you deem necessary. The table helps you summarize the literature, but is not included in the Literature Review section of the paper.
A critical, thematic evaluation:
A literature review is not a list in paragraph form, composed on the basis of the above table, where you “stack” the summary of each article/book you have read. Example: “A argued and found…” “B showed…” “C concluded…” Instead, relevant studies need to be critiqued and evaluated, with a view to building an argument. Thus, based on the above table (or your own approach) you need to identify themes in the literature. For example, a number of authors may be arguing the same point (when you glance at your table columnwise). Then, you would write summary sentences explaining this theme in the literature and attach citations to specific authors as illustrations of this pattern.
An example of a thematic evaluation is: “Many proponents of microcredit have argued that microcredit not only reduces household poverty but also increases the autonomy of women credit recipients (A, B, C). This claim has been the subject of intense debate, with many authors devising measures of empowerment to assess this argument. Some of these empirical studies have found support for the empowerment argument (C, D), while others have shown the empowerment effect to be contingent on other factors, such as asset ownership by women credit recipients (E). Yet others have pointed to the design of these programs as a major obstacle to increasing women’s autonomy (F, G). The premise of the arguments by A, B and C is that… which assumes…”. Notice that the thematic evaluation not only reflects your own thinking but also shifts the focus of the literature review from the work of others to the argument you are developing. You do not take at face value (report) what has been said by others but you evaluate it in light of the writings you’ve read in this topic, pointing out any flaw or weakness.
23*. Write an invitation letter for a scientific conference. Write at least 500 words.
SELF-STUDY ACTIVITIES
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24. Choose the correct option to complete the passage: Infinitive after certain verbs. ∆ = no word is required.
1. This is considered ∆ / to be / as being too high. 2. This value was found to be / as being even higher. 3. We assumed the values to be / that the values were incorrect. 4. Smith suggested researchers to / that researchers should try a different method. 5. Pollution in the Antarctic is said ∆ / to be / as being caused by several factors. 6. These results are thought ∆ / to be / as being support the con firm Hejat’s view. 7. The entities that are imagined ∆ / to be / as being inside the mind are modelled on a particular class of entities that are outside the mind. 8. The subjects were known have / as having had / to have had a food allergy before the fatal event. 9. Aggression was hypothesized ∆ / to be / as being a significant predictor of delinquency. 10. It was recommended that there to be / should be some standardization.
25. Choose the correct option to complete the sentences: Infinitive after certain verbs (allow, enable, permit, suggest, recommend, want, would like, would prefer).
A. 1. Their boss let them go / to go home early. 2. This will allow to make / us to make much progress. 3. This software enables calculations to make / to be made more quickly. 4. They were not permitted leave / to leave the country. 5. The new equipment allowed to finish / them to finish the job on time.
B. I hope all is well with you. Attached is our Abstract which I would like (1) that you / you to read and revise. It is actually 50 words over the limit required by the conference organizers, so I would recommend (2) to you to / that you remove any redundancy. The editor will expect (3) us to / that we provide the sources for all our materials, so we obviously need to add these. Also attached is our proposal for the request for funding. I suggest (4) us to / that we forward it to the Research Unit in Madrid. They will probably want (5) that we / us to phone them to discuss it. I would prefer (6) that we / us to use Skype if that is OK with you. I seem to remember that they suggested (7) us to call / calling early next week. If there is anything that you want (8) me to / that I do, feel free to let me know.
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