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Questions. Variant 2. 1. Choose the correct infinitive, gerund or participle form. 2. Complete the sentences putting the verbs in brackets into the correct infinitive or -ing forms.
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Questions
1. Who is sure that complementary medicine provides something that conventional medicine no longer does?
a. Dr Romke Bron.
b. a molecular biologist from the University of Warwick.
c. Dr Stephen Nurrish.
d. a neuroscientist at King’s College London E Professor David Moore.
2. Who considers it to be hard for people to know whether they are being told the truth or not?
a. Dr Romke Bron.
b. a molecular biologist from the University of Warwick.
c. Dr Stephen Nurrish.
d. a neuroscientist at King’s College London E Professor David Moore.
3. Certain kinds of complementary and alternative medicine are taken seriously because of the number of...
a. active ingredients.
b. people making money from them.
c. appropriate controls.
4. Nothing can be considered a form of medicine unless it has been proved to …
a. have a rigorous quality control.
b. has been advertised.
c. have been proved effective.
5. What could he added to the group of therapies that deserved to be provided with resources for further investigation?
a. acupuncture.
b. aromatherapy.
c. herbalism.
d. homoeopathy.
Variant 2
1. Choose the correct infinitive, gerund or participle form.
1. Conducting / Conducted / Being conducted the experiment, he observed a certain pattern in all the samples. 2. Since its implementation, the strategy proposed by the environmental committee appears to be showing / have shown / to have been showing positive outcomes. 3. He considered the problem solving / solved / having solved. 4. He was relieved not to expel / to not be expelled / not to have been expelled for having missed the deadline to submit his term paper. 5. His research was a breakthrough and couldn’t help but to influence / influence / to have influenced the whole scientific community. 6. The method of analysis proposed in his thesis was considered too complicated / complicating / being complicated. 7. Graduating / Graduated / Having graduated from MIT with honors, he decided to continue his work in the field of science and apply for a post-graduate course. 8. All essays must submit / be submitted / be submitting no later than the end of the week. 9. The application submitting / not having submitted / not having been submitted on time, Patrick lost his chance to win the grant. 10. Those who saw the shuttle launch / to launch
/ to have launched were impressed by the its size and greatness.
2. Complete the sentences putting the verbs in brackets into the correct infinitive or -ing forms.
1. We did these tests ______ (prove) our hypothesis. 2. (Develop) this program entailed carrying out various tests. 3. One approach is (exploit) the vast range of software already available. 4. We would like you (participate) in our congress. 5. They expect (have) their results ready by the end of the year. 6. It is difficult (prove) that x = y. 7. That x = y is easy (prove). 8. (Prove) that x = y is straightforward. 9. We have amended the paper (address) most of the comments outlined in the referees` reports. 10. The manuscript has been revised (follow) the indications that you and the referees gave us.
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3. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate words from the list.
conceivably, collapsed, adjacent, invoked, pose, encounter, straightforward, nonetheless, inclination, ongoing
1. All his life, he refused to believe in any religion, but on his deathbed, he suddenly ________ god, and asked for forgiveness. 2. Travelling to a different country allows you to ________ new ideas and new ways of living. 3. We didn't have very good tools, but I think we did a good job ________. 4. The child had always shown artistic ________ so it came as no surprise when he decided to study visual arts in university. 5. Because of the melting of the polar ice caps, scientists say that trans-arctic voyages could ________ be possible within a few years. 6. On maps, ________ countries are usually shown in different colors. 7. Many citizens feel that a nuclear power plant could ________ serious environmental problems for the area. 8. On September 11th, 2001, the twin towers of the world trade center completely ________ shortly after they were struck by airliners hijacked by terrorists. 9. Harriet is very ________ in her approach to dealing with clients. 10. Fighting in the region has not stopped, despite ________ peace negotiations.
4. Read the text and answer the questions below it.
The Concept of Role Theory
Any individual in any situation occupies a role in relation to other people. The particular individual with whom one is concerned in the analysis of any situation is usually given the name of focal person. He has the focal role and can be regarded as sitting in the middle of a group of people, with whom he interacts in some way in that situation. This group of people is called his role set. The role set should include all those with whom the individual has more than trivial interactions.
Role definition
The definition of any individual’s role in any situation will be a combination of the role expectations that the members of the role set have of the focal role. These expectations are often occupationally denned, sometimes even legally so. The role definitions of lawyers and doctors are fairly clearly defined both in legal and in cultural terms. The role definitions of, say, a film star or bank manager, are also fairly clearly defined in cultural terms, too clearly perhaps. Individuals often find it hard to escape from the role that cultural traditions have defined for them. Not only with doctors or lawyers is the required role behavior so constrained that if you are in that role for long it eventually becomes part of you, part of your personality. Hence, there is some likelihood that all accountants will be alike or that all blondes are similar — they are forced that way by the expectations of their role. It is often important that you make it clear what your particular role is at a given time. The means of doing this are called, rather obviously, role signs. The simplest of role signs is a uniform. The number of stripes on your arm or pips on your shoulder is a very precise role definition which allows you to do certain very prescribed things in certain situations. Imagine yourself questioning a stranger on a dark street at midnight without wearing the role signs of a policeman! In social circumstances, dress has often been used as a role sign to indicate the nature and degree of formality of any gathering and occasionally the social status of people present. The current trend towards blurring these role signs in dress is probably democratic, but it also makes some people very insecure. Without role signs, who is to know who has what role?
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Place is another role sign. Managers often behave very differently outside the office and in it, even to the same person. They use a change of location to indicate a change in role from, say, boss to friend. Indeed, if you wish to change your roles you must find some outward sign that you are doing so or you won’t be permitted to change — the subordinate will continue to hear you as his boss no matter how hard you try to be his friend. In very significant cases of role change, e. g. from a soldier in the ranks to officer, from bachelor to married man, the change of role has to have a very obvious sign, hence rituals. It is interesting to observe, for instance, some decline in the emphasis given to marriage rituals. This could be taken as an indication that there is no longer such a big change in role from single to married person, and therefore no need for a public change in sign.
In organizations, office signs and furniture are often used as role signs. These and other perquisites of status are often frowned upon, but they may serve a purpose as a kind of uniform in a democratic society; roles without signs often lead to confused or differing expectations of the role of the focal person.
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