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Ex. 13. Translate the sentences into English.
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1. Я думаю, что смогу продать свой компьютер за $100.
2. Чтобы войти в систему, вы должны ввести пароль, состоящий из 6 цифр.
3. Компьютеры могут хранить огромное количество информации.
4. Любая задача должна быть представлена в двоичном коде, чтобы компьютер понял её.
5. Только одному журналисту разрешили просмотреть информацию, которая находилась в файлах под грифом СЕКРЕТНО.
6. Вы не сможете переписать музыку на этот компакт диск, так как это CD-R.
7. Нам пришлось установить тестовую программу, чтобы найти неисправность в аппаратном обеспечении компьютера.
8. Сегодня практически любой человек любой человек может разместить информацию в Интернете.
9. После установки программы, вам следует перезагрузить компьютер.
10. Если Вам нужно сделать копию документа, Вы можете воспользоваться нашим копировальным аппаратом.
Ex. 14. Read and translate the following sentences paying attention to - ed forms.
(A)
1. Microsoft developed the Windows operating system used on many home and office PCs. The Windows operating system was developed by the Microsoft company. The Windows operating system developed by the Microsoft company is used on many home and office PCs.
2. The first television set produced quite a sensation in 1939. The first television set was produced in 1939. The first television set produced in 1939 was a tiny nine-by-twelve inch box.
3. The trains equipped with robot engine drivers operate on some underground lines. The trains operating on some underground lines are equipped with robot engine drivers. The engineers equipped the new trains with robot engine drivers.
(B)
1. The electronic circuit may consist of hundred, thousands, or millions of interconnected transistors and other microelectronic components.
2. The monitor suddenly blacked out.
3. A computer virus is an unwanted program that has entered your system without your knowing about it.
4. Many viruses have spread through pirated – illegally copied or broken – games.
5. In the 1940s, scientists at Bell Telephone Laboratories invented a tiny electric switch called the transistor.
6. LCD is the part of a watch, calculator, or small computer where numbers or letters are displayed by means of an electric current that is passed through a special liquid.
7. Though first developed for military purposes, radar can be used in modern cars.
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8. Improved methods of obtaining three-dimensional television pictures have been worked out on the basis of holography.
9. The Internet allows you to get information stored on other computers far away.
10. If activated, a virus takes control of the computer’s program.
11. The first time I turned on the tape-recorder, it “ate” the tape.
12. Grey Interactive TV has developed a series of interactive advertisements for the bank.
Ex. 15. M emorize the following terms.
| 1. paper tape – перфолента 2. paper tape reader –устройство считывания (ввода) с бумажной перфоленты 3. card reader –устройство для считывания (ввода данных) с перфокарт 4. cardpunch –карточный перфоратор 5. capacitor –конденсатор 6. resistor –резистор 7. stored program machine – машина с хранимой программой 8. binary notation –двоичная система счисления 9. decimal notation –десятичная система счисления |
Ex. 16. Read and translate TEXT A.
BABBAGE'S DREAM COME TRUE
Part I (The Harvard Mark I)
A hundred years passed before a machine like the one Babbage devised was actually built. This occurred in 1944, when the American mathematician Howard Aiken of Harvard University and a group of IBM engineers completed the Harvard Mark I computer. This calculating machine could perform any selected sequence of four arithmetical operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division) on numbers up to 23 digits long without human intervention.
The machine was huge: it was more than 15 meters long and 2.4 m high, it weighed 35 tons, contained about 800 km of wire and about 750,000 separate parts. (See Figure 1)Its 78 adding machines and calculators were controlled by mechanical and electrical devices.
Figure 1
The Harvard Mark I, 1943
It should be said that Aiken mistrusted the concept of storing program within a computer. The Mark I was programmed to solve problems by means of a paper tape on which coded instructions were punched. Once so programmed, the calculator could be easily operated by persons with little training. For input and output, it used three paper tape readers, two card readers, a cardpunch, and two typewriters. The Mark I was used for military purposes, including the development of the atomic bomb.
Aiken was not familiar with the Analytical Engine when he designed the Mark I. Later, after people had pointed out Babbage's work to him, he was amazed to learn how many of his ideas Babbage had anticipated.
The main difference between the Analytical Engine and The Mark I is that the latter1 was operated by electricity instead of steam. Electricity was also used to transmit information from one part of the machine to another, replacing the complex mechanical parts by relays and electromagnetic components.
But, along with2 several other electromechanical computers built at about the same time, the Mark I was scarcely completed before it was obsolete. The electromechanical machines simply were not fast enough. Their speed was seriously limited by the time required for mechanical parts to move from one position to another. For example, the Mark I took six seconds for a multiplication and twelve for a division; this was only five or six times faster than what a human with an old desk calculator could do.
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Continuing his work, Aiken completed the improved versions of the Mark I (Mark II, III and IV). He also wrote numerous articles on electronics, switching theory3, and data processing as well as developed the first computer science program4 at Harvard University. On the other hand, Aiken advised the National Bureau of Standards5 not to support the development of computers. He was sure that there would never be a need for more than five or six computers nationwide.
Notes: 1 the latter – последний (из двух названных, из упомянутых);
2along with – наряду с;
3switching theory – теория переключательных (релейных) схем;
4computer science program – программа по теории вычислительных машин и систем;
5the National Bureau of Standards – Национальный институт стандартов и технологий (U.S.).
Part II (COLOSSUS, ENIAC, EDVAC)
What was needed was a machine whose computing, control and memory elements were completely electrical. In this case, the speed of operation would be limited not by the speed of mechanical moving parts but by the much greater speed of moving electrons.
World War II gave impetus1 and funding to computer research. The military needed faster machines for ballistic calculations and for breaking the German secret codes.
One of the earliest electronic digital computers was called the Colossus. The machine was developed by a team led by the British engineer Tommy Flowers in 1943. Its existence was kept so secret that it was not revealed until decades after it was built. British cryptographers used this machine to crack ciphers and codes produced by the German electromechanical devices called the Enigma and the Geheimschreiber (“Secret Writer”). The machine used approximately 1800 vacuum tubes for computations. Larger and more sophisticated versions were built over the next two years.
The first general-purpose all-electronic computer was ENIAC(an acronym for E lectronic N umerical I ntegrator a nd C omputer). (See Figure 2)Designed by two American engineers, John Mauchly and Presper Eckert, ENIAC was put into operation at the University of Pennsylvania in 1946.
Figure 2
ENIAC
First introduced in 1946, ENIAC remained in service until 1955. A portion of the machine is now on exhibit at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C.
The 30-ton machine was 5.5 meters high and 24 meters long. It contained 18,000 vacuum tubes linked by 800 kilometers of wiring, 70,000 resistors, 10,000 capacitors, 6,000 switches and 1,500 relays. Approximately 2,000 of the computer’s vacuum tubes were replaced each month by a team of six technicians. It was the most complex electronic system developed up to that time. ENIAC was 500 times as fast as the best electromechanical computer. A problem that took one minute to solve on ENIAC required eight to ten hours on an electromechanical machine. It performed about 5,000 additions per second. Many of ENIAC’s first tasks were for military purposes, such as calculating ballistic tables and designing atomic weapons.
As ENIAC was not a stored program machine, it had to be reprogrammed for each task, a process that could take several days. The next computers were built so that programs could be stored in internal memory and could be easily changed to adapt the computer to different tasks.
EDVAC (an acronym for E lectronic D iscrete V ariable A utomatic C omputer) was constructed at about the same time as ENIAC. But EDVAC was the more advanced of the two machines. Two innovations that first appeared in EDVAC have been used in every computer since. First, EDVAC used binary notation to represent numbers inside the machine. Binary notation is a system for writing numbers that uses only two digits (0 and 1), instead of the ten digits (0-9) used in the conventional decimal notation. Binary notation is now recognized as the simplest way of representing numbers in an electronic machine. Second, EDVAC's program was stored in the machine's memory, just like the data. Previous computers had stored the program externally on punched cards or punched tapes. A stored-program computer is usually called a von Neumann machine in honor of the originator of the stored-program concept.
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Notes: 1to give impetus to – дать стимул к.
EXERCISES
Ex. 17. Search the text for the English equivalents to the following words and phrases:
1. двадцатитрёхзначные числа;
2. без вмешательства человека;
3. следует сказать, что;
4. не доверял (сомневался);
5. хранение программы в компьютере;
6. не был знаком c;
7. предвидел;
8. приводился в действие электричеством;
9. едва был собран, как устарел;
10. финансирование исследований в области вычислительной техники;
11. быстродействующие машины для баллистических расчётов;
12. шифровальщики;
13. чтобы взламывать шифры и коды;
14. создан примерно в то же самое время.
Ex. 18. Answer the following alternative questions to the first part of the text. Begin with: I'm sure that… or I'm not sure but I think that…. Add something to develop the situation.
1. Did 100 or 200 years pass before a machine similar to Babbage's Analytical Engine was actually built? ___.
2. Was this machine called Howard Mark I or Harvard Mark I? ___.
3. Did Howard Aiken or a group of IBM engineers design the Mark I computer? ___.
4. Could this calculating machine perform two or four arithmetical operations? ___.
5. Was it a small or huge machine? ___.
6. Did the Mark I weigh more or less than 30 tons? ___.
7. Were the programs stored inside or outside the computer? ___.
8. Were paper tapes or compact disks used for inputting data? ___.
9. Was the Mark I used for commercial or military purposes? ___.
10. Was the Mark I powered by electricity or steam? ___.
11. Were the electromechanical computers high-speed or low-speed machines? ___.
12. Did Aiken build three or four versions of the Mark I? ___.
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