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2) Translate the sentences into Russian
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2) Translate the sentences into Russian
a) Without this field the Standard Model would collapse like a house of cards, because quantum field theory brings infinities that have to be reined in and symmetries that cannot be seen.
b) Even if space were to be emptied completely, it would still be filled by a ghost-like field that refuses to shut down: the Higgs field.
c) If the Higgs field suddenly disappeared, all matter would collapse as the suddenly massless electrons dispersed at the speed of light.
d) This is apparently not the case in our world, so the particles must have acquired their mass from somewhere.
e) In order for the phase transition to occur, four particles were required but only one, the Higgs particle, survived.
f) One of the reasons for this is that the Standard Model treats certain particles, neutrinos, as being virtually massless, whereas recent studies show that they actually do have mass.
Banquet Speech
Read Peter Higgs’s banquet speech and say why it has taken such a long time to detect the Higgs Boson
Your Majesties, Your Royal Highnesses, Your Excellences, Ladies and Gentleman.
It is a great honour for Franç ois Englert and me to receive the Nobel Prize in Physics and we wish to express our sincere gratitude to the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and the Nobel Foundation.
It is a matter of great regret for both of us that Robert Brout did not live to share the Prize with us. The fact that it has been awarded just to the two of us implicitly recognizes his contribution, as is right. However, it should be remembered that the three of us were not the only theorists who contributed to the elucidation of what is called the BEH mechanism about fifty years ago.
The long time gap between the theoretical work and the award of the Prize is largely a consequence of the difficulty of performing experiments needed to detect the new particle that is an essential feature of our theory. More than thirty years of work on the development of accelerators, detectors and computer programmes have culminated in the claim made by CERN in July 2012. It was a great achievement by all the people involved, and we are grateful to them for enabling us to be here today.
(http: //www. nobelprize. org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2013/higgs-speech. html)
Unit 14
Blue Light-Emitting Diodes
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2014 — Press Release
October 7, 2014
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2014 was awarded jointly to Isamu Akasaki, Hiroshi Amano and Shuji Nakamura “for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources”.
New light to illuminate the world
This year’s Nobel Laureates are rewarded for having invented a new energy-efficient and environment-friendly light source – the blue light-emitting diode (LED). In the spirit of Alfred Nobel the Prize rewards an invention of greatest benefit to mankind; using blue LEDs, white light can be created in a new way. With the advent of LED lamps we now have more long-lasting and more efficient alternatives to older light sources.
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When Isamu Akasaki, Hiroshi Amano and Shuji Nakamura pro-duced bright blue light beams from their semi-conductors in the early 1990s, they triggered a fundamental transformation of lighting technology. Red and green diodes had been around for a long time but without blue light, white lamps could not be created. Despite considerable efforts, both in the scientific community and in industry, the blue LED had remained a challenge for three decades.
They succeeded where everyone else had failed. Akasaki worked together with Amano at the University of Nagoya, while Nakamura was employed at Nichia Chemicals, a small company in Tokushima. Their inventions were revolutionary. Incandescent light bulbs lit the 20th century; the 21st century will be lit by LED lamps.
White LED lamps emit a bright white light, are long-lasting and energy-efficient. They are constantly improved, getting more efficient with higher luminous flux (measured in lumen) per unit electrical input power (measured in watt). The most recent record is just over 300 lm/W, which can be compared to 16 for regular light bulbs and close to 70 for fluorescent lamps. As about one fourth of world electricity consumption is used for lighting purposes, the LEDs contribute to saving the Earth’s resources. Materials consumption is also diminished as LEDs last up to 100, 000 hours, compared to 1, 000 for incandescent bulbs and 10, 000 hours for fluorescent lights.
The LED lamp holds great promise for increasing the quality of life for over 1. 5 billion people around the world who lack access to electricity grids: due to low power requirements it can be powered by cheap local solar power.
The invention of the blue LED is just twenty years old, but it has already contributed to create white light in an entirely new manner to the benefit of us all.
(http: //www. nobelprize. org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2014/press. html)
Why is the invention awarded the 2014 Nobel Prize in physics said to correspond to the spirit of Alfred Nobel? To answer this question use the following word combinations and phrases from the text:
an energy-efficient and environment-friendly light source, an invention of greatest benefit to mankind, with the advent of, trigger a fundamental transformation of lighting technology, contribute to saving the Earth’s resources, diminish material consumption, hold great promise for increasing the quality of life, to be constantly improved
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