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Будущее осознанных сновидений
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Как могли убедиться читатели этой книги, искусство осознанного сновидения все еще находится в стадии развития. Мы узнали многое об этом необыкновенном состоянии сознания. Его потенциальные возможности поистине интригующи. Однако многое еще предстоит открыть. Большинство этих открытий будет сделано смелыми личностями, развивающими и испытывающими разнообразные техники путешествия и использования нового мира осознанных сновидений. Другие открытия могут потребовать привлечения современных технологий, а в настоящее время существует только несколько специально оборудованных лаборатории. Одной из них является Центр исследования сна при Стэнфордском университете, в котором мы проводим исследования в трех основных направлениях. Это:
—дальнейшее изучение феноменологии и физиологии осознанных сновидений;
—развитие и совершенствование методов вхождения, удержания и использования осознанных сновидений;
—выявление психофизиологических связей между субъективными переживаниями событий БДГ-сна и объективно фиксируемыми физиологическими процессами.
Приглашение
Мы ищем спонсоров и будем благодарны предложениям о финансировании наших исследований. Есть несколько способов принять участие в исследовании осознанных сновидений. Если вы свяжетесь с нами по указанному ниже адресу, мы сможем информировать вас о разнообразной деятельности, в которой вы также сможете участвовать. К ней относятся заочные курсы, лекции, занятия в группах и исследовательские проекты. Ждем вашего участия.
The Lucidity Institute, 2555 Park Blvd., #2, Palo Alto, CA 94306.
FAX (415) 321-9967.
WWW: http://www.lucidity.com
Ссылки
Глава 1
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1. Sparrow, G. S., Lucid dreaming: the dawning of the clear light (Virginia Beach: A.R.E. Press,1976), pp. 26-27.
2. Tulku, Т., Openness Mind (Berkeley: Dharma Publishing.1978), p. 74.
3. Shah, I., Wisdom of the Idiots (New York: Dutton.1971), pp. 122-23.
4. Tulku, op. cit., p. 77.
5. Fabricius, J., "The symbol of the self in the alchemical 'proiectio,' " Journal of Analytical Psychology,18 (1973): 47-58
Глава 2
1. Aristotle, On Dreams, from Hutchings, R. M., ed.. Great Books of the Western World, vol. 8 (Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica 1952), pp. 702-06.
2. L. Kelsey, M. Т., God, Dreams and Revelation (New York: Augs-burg.1974), p. 264-265.
3. Evans-Wentz, W. Y., Tibetan Yoga and Secret Doctrines (London: Oxford University Press,1935), pp. 221-22.
4. deBecker, R., The Understanding of Dreams (London: Alien & Unwin,1955),p.l53.
5. Shah, I., The Sulis (London: Oaagon Press,1964), p.141.
6. Aquinas, St. Thomas, Summa Theologica, vol. 1 (New York Benziger Brothers, 1947), p.430.
7. Freud, S., The Interpretation of Dreams (New York: Avon Books,1965), p. 93.
8. Saint-Denys, H., Dreams and I low to Guide Them (London: Duckworth, 198 2).
9. Freud, op. cit., p. 93.
10. McCrcery, С., Psychical Phenomena and the Physical World (Oxford: Institute of Psychophysical Research,1973), p. 88.
11. Myers, F. W. H., "Automatic Writing-3," Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research 4, part II (1887): 241-42
12. Mach, E., The Analysis of the Sensations, 2nd ed. (Jena: Fisher, 1900), pp.114-15.
13. deBecker, op. cit., p. 139.
14. Freud, op cit., p. 611. 16.Ibid.
17. van Eeden, P., "A study of dreams," Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research 26 (1913): 431-61.
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid.
20. Ibid.
21. Green, С., Lucid Dreams (Oxford: Institute for Psychophysical Research,1968), pp.142-43.
22. Arnold-Forster, M., Studies in Dreams (London: Alien & Un win,1921), p.x.
23. Fox, 0., Astral Projection (New Hyde Park, N.Y.: University Books,1962), pp. 32-33.
24. Ibid., p. 34.
25. Ouspensky, P., A New Model of the Universe (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.1931,1960), p. 272.
26. Ibid., p. 274.
27. Ibid., p. 279-80.
28. Moers-Messmer, H. von, "Traume mit der gleichzeitigen Erkenntnis des Traumzustandes," Archives fur Psychologic 102 (19. 291-318. (Translated by Both Mugge.)
29. Ibid.
30.Ibid.
31. Rapport, N.. "Pleasant Dreams! "Psychiatric Quarterly 22 (1948): 309-17.
Глава 3
1. Loomis, A. L.; Harvey, E. N.; and Hobart, G., ''Cerebral states during sleep as studied by human brain potentials," Journal of Expericnrial Psychology, 21 (1937): 127-44.
2. Blake, H; Gerard, R.W.; and Kleitman, N., " Factors influencing brain potentials during sleep," Journal ofNeurophysiology 2 (1939): 48-60
3. Aserinsky, E. and Kleitman, N., "Regularly occurring periods of eye motili-tyand concomitant phenomena during sleep," Science,118 (1953): 273-74.
4 Vogel, G.; Foulkes, D.; and Trosman, 11., "Ego functions and dreaming during sleep onset," Archives of General Psychiatry 14 (1966): 238-48.
5. Герц. Международная единица частоты (количество колебаний в секунду), названа в честь Генриха Р. Герна, первооткрывателя в области электромагнитного излучения.
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6. Green, G., The Decline and Fall of Science (London: Hamish Hamilton,1976), p.109.
7. Ibid., p. 110-11.
8. Faraday, A., The Dream Game (New York: Harper & Row, 1976), p. 263.
9. DeMille, R. E., Casteneda's Journey: The Power and the Allegory (Santa Barbara: Capra Press,1976).
10. Чувство такта обычно удерживает меня от публичного высказывания некоторых мыслей. Выдуманные же персонажи могут высказываться без обиняков, поэтому, когда я несколько лет назад обратился к «дону Хуану» с вопросом, что он думает о последнем опусе Кастанеды «Дар Орла», тот расхохотался и несколько грубовато заметил: «Птичка пролетела, что-то обронила». Я надеюсь, что д-р Кастанеда, как автор, способен оценить чувство юмора, которым наделил своих персонажей. Как говорится, «Никто не осваивает по настоящему искусство стрельбы из лука, если в конце своих занятий не избирает мишенью учителя».
11. Malcolm, N., Dreaming (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1959).
12. Ibid., p. 48-50.
13. Ibid., p. 50.
14. Hartmann, E., "Dreams and other hallucinations: an approach to the underlying mechanism," from Sicgal, R. K. and West, L. J., eds.. Hallucinations (New York: John Wiley & Sons,1975), p. 74
15. Berger, R., Psyclosis: The Circularity of Experience (San Prancisco: W. H. Freeman & Co., 1977), p. 121.
16. Rechtschaffen, A., "The single-mindedness and isolation of dreams," Sleep 1(1978): 97-109.
17. Dement, W„ "Report IV(B): Comments to Report IV" from Lairy, G. C., and Salzarilo, P., eds., The Experimental Study of Hu- man Sleep: Metho-dological Problems (Amsterdam: Elsevier.1975), p. 290.
18. Schwartz, В. A. and Lefebvre, A., Contacts veille/P.M.0. II. Les P.M.0. morcelees." Revue d'Electroencephalographie et de Neurophysiologie Clinique 1(1973): 165-76.
19. The APSS changed its name to the SRS (Sleep Research Society) in 1983.
20. Foulkes, D. and Griffen, M., "An experimental study of'ereative dreaming,' " Sleep Research, S (1976): 129; Griffen, M. and Foulkes, D., "Deliberate presleep control of dream content: An ex- perimental study," Perceptual and Motor Skills, 45 (1977): 660-62
21. Ogilvie, R.; Hunt, H.; Sawicki, C.; and McGowan, K., Searching for lucid dreams," Sleep Research, 7 (1978): 165.
22. Тарт не считал осознанно сновидящих активными участникам коммуникации между мирами сна и яви. На самом деле это добавление было сделано Селией Грин в «Осознанных снах» (Оксфорд:
Институт психофизических исследований, 1968), стр. 130.
23. Roffwarg, H.; Dement, W.; Muzio, J.; and Fisher, C., Dream imagery: Relationship to rapid eye movements of sleep," Archives of General Psychology, 7(1962): 235-58.
24. LaBerge, S., "Lucid dreaming: some personal observations," Sleep Research, 8 (1979): 158.
25. Worsley, A., Personal communication,1981.
26. Worsley, A., "Personal experiences of lucid dreaming," from Gackenbach,). I. and LaBerge, 5. P., eds., Lucid Dreaming: New Research on Consciousness During Sleep (New York: Plenum, in press.)
Глава 4
1. Hall, C., "Do we dream during sleep? Evidence for the Goblot hypothesis," Perceptual and Motor Skills, 53 (1981): 239-46.
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2. LaBerge, S. P. "Psychological parallelism in lucid dreams," from Arsen, A.;
Dolan, А. Т.; and)ordan C. S., eds., Handbook oflmagery Research and Practice (New York: Brandon House, in press)
3. LaBerge, S. P. and Dement, W. C., "Voluntary control ofrespiration during REM sleep," Sleep Research, II (1982):107.
4. LaBerge, S. P. and Dement, W. C., "Lateralization of alpha activ- iry for dreamed singing and counting during REM sleep," Psycho- physiology,19
(1982): 331-32.
5. LaBerge, S. P.; Greenledf, W.; and Kedzierski, В., Physiological responses to dreamed sexual activity during lucid REM sleep," Psychophysiology, 20 (1983): 454-S5.
Глава 5
1. Faraday, A., The Dream Game (New York: Harper & Row 1976), pp. 39-40.
2. Fox, 0., Astral Protection (New Hyde Park, N.Y.: University Books.1962), p. 90.
3. Gillespie, G., "Lucidity language: A personal observation," Lucidity Letter 1(4) (1982): 5.
4. Ouspensky, P., A New Model of the Universe (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul,1931,1960) p. 281.
5. Green, C., Lucid Dreams (Oxford: Institute for Psychophysical Research,1968), p. 85.
6. Garfield, P., Creative Dreaming (New York: Ballantine Books 1974), p. 143.
7. McCreery, C., Psychical Phenomena and the Physical World (London: Ha-mish Hamilton,1973), p.114.
8. Garfield, P., Pathway to Ecstasy. (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston,1979), pp.134-35.
9. McCreery, op. cit., p. 91.
10. Rapport, N., "Pleasant Dreams!" Psychiatric Quarterly 22 (1948): 309-17.
11. Faraday, A., The Dream Game (New York: Harper & Row, 1976), p. 334.
12. Yram, Practical Astral Projection (New York: Samuel Weiser 1967), p. 113.
13. Fox, op. cit., p. 32-33.
14. Green, op. cit., p. 99.
15. Ibid., p. 100.
16. Fox, op. cit., p. 43-44.
17. Garfield, op. cit., p. 45.
18. Gackenbach, J. and Schfflig, В., "Lucid dreams: the content of waking consciousness occurring during the dream," unpublished paper.
19.Fox.op.cit., p. 35-6.
20. Sparrow, G. S., Lucid dreaming: the dawning of the clear light (Virginia Beach: AR.E. Press, 1976), p. 13.
21. Yrani, op. cit., p. 113.
22. Ouspensky, op. cit., p. 282.
23. McCreery, op. cit., pp.118-19.
24. Pompeiano, 0. and Morrison, A R., "Vestibular influenses during sleep, 1. Abolition of the rapid eye movements of dcsynchronized sleep following vestibular lesions," Archives Italiennes de Biologie, 103 (1965): 564-95.
25. Lerner, В., "Dream function reconsidered," Jotirnal ofAbnor- mal Psychology, 72 (1967): 85-100.
26. Tart, С., Altered States of Consciousnenss (New York: E.P. Dutton,1975), p. 63.
27. Ghose, Sri Auribindo, The Life Divine, vol. 18 (Ponticherry, India: Sri
Auribindo Press, 1970), p. 425.
Глава 6
1. Evans-Wentz, W. Y., ed.. The Yoga of the Dream State (New York: Julian Press,1964),p.216.
2. Rajneesh, B. S„ The Book ofthe Secrets-I (New York: Harper & Row),1974, p.118.
3.Ibid.,p.l44-45.
4. DeRopp, R., The Master Game (New York: Dell,1968),p.61.
5. Rajneesh, op. cit., p. 142.
6. Tholey, P., Techniques for inducing and maintaining lucid dreams," Perceptual and Motor Skills 57 (1983): 79-90.
7. Tulku, Т., Openness Mind (Berkeley: Dharma Publishing,1978), p.136.
8. Tholey, op. cit.
9. McCreery, C., Psychical Phenomena and the Physical World (London: Hamish Hamilton,1973), p. 86.
10. Carfield, P., "Psychological concomitants of the lucid dream state," Sleep Research, 4 (1975) 184.
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11. Tart, C., "From spontaneous event to lucidity: A review of at- tempts to consciously control nocturnal dreaming," from Wolman, В. В., cd., Handbook of Dreams (New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1979), p. 261.
12. Castaldo, V. and Holtzman, P., "The effect of hearing one's uoice on sleep mentation," The Journal of Nervous and Mental Dis- ease 144 (1967): 2-13.
13. Dement, W. and Wolpert, E., "The relation of eye movements, body moti-lity, and external stimuli to dream content," Journal of Experimental Psychology 55 (1968): 543-53.
Глава 7
1. Green, E.; Green, A; and Walters, D., Biofeedback for mind- body self-regulation: Healing and creativity," from Fields Within Fields... Witbin Fields (New York; Stulman.1972), p. 144.
2. Ibid.
3. MacKenzie, N., Dreams and Dreaming (New York: Vanguard, 165), p. 83.
4. Jaffe, D. Т. and Bresler, D. E., "The use of guided imagery as an adjunct to medical diagnosis and treatment," Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 20 (1980): 45-59.
5. Levitan, H., "Failure ofthe defensive function ofthe ego in dreams of psychosomatic patients," Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 3 б (1981): 1-7.
6. Van Eeden, F.,"A study of dreams," Proceedings ofthe Society for Psychical Research 26 (1913): 431-61.
7. Ibid.
8. McCreery, C., Psychic Phenomena and the Physical World (London: Hamish Hamilton,1973), pp.102-04.
9. Freud, 5.,. "Fragment of an analysis of a case ofhystcria," from Standard Edition ofthe Complete Psychological Works ofSigmund Freud (London:
Hogarth Press, 1953), p. 68.
10. Freud, S., "Introductory lectures on psychoanaysis" from Standard Edition ofthe Complete Psychological Works ofSigmund Preud, vol.15 (London: Hogarth Prcss,1916-17), p. 222.
11. Kedrov, В. М., "On the question of scientific creativity," Vo- prosy Psiko-logii, 3(1957): 91-113.
12. Kaempffen, W., A Popular History of American Invention, vol. II (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1924), p. 385.
13. Dement, W., Some Must Watch While Some Must Sleep (San Francisco: W.H. Freeman,1972), p. 101.
14. Faraday, A, Dream Power (IVew York: Coward, MeCann & Geoghegan,1972),p.303.
15. Dement, op. cit., p.102.
16. Steiner, S. 5. and Ellman, S. J., "Relation between REM sleep and intracra-nial self-stimulation," Science 177 (1972): 1122-24.
17. Rhinegold, H., "Tapping into Your Dream Power," Oui Magazine (1981):80-125.
Глава 8
1. Hobson, J. A. and McCarley, R. W., "The brain as a dream-state generator:
An activation-synthesis hypothesis ofthe dream process," American Journal of Psychiatry 134 (1977): 1335-48.
2. Freud, S., "Introductory lectures on psychoanalysis," from Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological UVorks ofSigmund Freud, vol.15 (London: Hogarth Press.1916-17), p.153.
3. Hobson & McCarley, op. cit.
4. Goleman, D.,"Do dreams really contain imponant secret meaning?" New York Tinies, July 10,1984.
5. Ibid.
6. Kiesler, E., "Images of the night," Science, 80 (1980): 1436-43
7. Hobson,). A., "The reciprocal interaction model of sleep cicle control: A discussion in the light ofGuiseppe Moruzzi's concepts," from Pompeino, 0. and Marsan, C. Ajmone, eds., Brain Mechanisms and Perceptual Awareness (New York: Raven Press, 1981), p.398
8. Durgnat, R. and Hobson, J. A., "Dream dialogue," Dreamworks 2 (Pall 1981): 76-87.
9. Crick, F. and Mitchison, G., "The function of dream sleep," Nature 304 (1983): 111-14.
10. Melnechuck, Т., "The dream machine," Psychology Today 17 (1983): 22-34.
11. RoHwarg, H. P.; Muzio, J. N.; and Dement, W. C., "Ontogenic development of the human sleep-dream cycle," Science 152 (1966): 604-19.
12. Greenberg, R. and Peariman, C., "Cutting the REM nerve: An approach to the adaptive role of REM sleep," Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 17 (1974):513-21.
13. Cohen, H. and Dement, W. C., "Sleep: Changes in threshold to electroconvulsive shock in rats after deprivation of'paradoxical' phase," Science 150(1965): 1318-19.
14. Hartmann, E., The Function of Sleep (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1973).
15. Dallet, J., "Theories of dream function," Psychological Bulletin 6 (1973):
408-16.
16. Rossi, E. L, Dreams and the Growth of Personality (New York: Pergamon,1972),p.l42.
Глава 9
1. Nietzsche, F., "Misunderstanding of the dream," Aphorism #5, Human All Too Human from Kaufrnan, W. ed., The Portable Nietz- sche (New York:
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VikingPress,1954),p.52.
2. Cclia Green (1967) asked two samples of undergraduates from two British universities whether they had ever had an "experience in which you felt you were 'out of your body.' " She received 19 percent positive responses out of 115 subjects in the first sample, and 34 percent positive responses out of 380 in the second. Homell Hart (1954) received 27 percent positive replies from 155 Duke University sociology students, while Charles Tart (1971) received 44 percent positive responses from 150 experienced marijuana users. From D.S. Rogo, ed.. Mind Beyond the Body (New York: Pen-guin,1978) p.36.
3. Rhine, L. E„ "Psychological processes in ESP experiences. Part II Dreams," Journal of Parapsychology Z6 (1962):172-99.
4. Sheils, D., "Across-cultural study of beliefs in out-of-the-body experiences, waking and sleeping," Journal otthe Society for Psychical Research, 49 (1978): 697-741.
5. Priestly, J. B„ Man and Time (London: Aldous Books,1964),p. 225-26.
6. Ullman, M. and Krippner, S., Dream Telepathy (New York: MacMil-lan,1973),p.lll.
7. Of the 13 experimental studies carried out, 9 yielded statistically significant results. Replications in laboratories elsewhere yielded less consistent results: two were positive, three negative, and one equivocal.
8. Harary, S. В., "A personal perspective of out-of-body experiences," from Rogo, op. cit., pp. 248-49.
9. Ibid., pp. 356-57.
10. deBecker, R., The Understanding of Dreams (London: Alien & Unwin,1965), p. 249.
11. Osis, К., "Perspectives for out-of-body research," Parapsychology Research, 3 (1973), 110-13.
12. deBecker, op. cit., pp. 394-95,
13. Fox, 0., Astral Travel (New York: University Books, 1962), p. 47.
14. deBecker, op. cit., pp. 76-78.
Глава 10
1. Freud, S., Metapsychological Supplement to the Theory of Dreams. Collected Papers, vol IV (London: Hogarth,1946) p.137
2. Faraday, A., The Dream Game (New York: Harper & Row, 1976), p. 267.
3. Mann, Т., The Magic Mountain (New York: Vintage,1969),p. 726.
5. Ibid., p. 497.
6. Ibid., p. 727.
7. Moody, R., Life After Life (Atlanta: Mockingbird Boob,1977), pp. 23-24.
8. Gabbard, G. 0.; Twenlow, S. Т.; and Jones, F. C., "Do 'near- deatli experiences' occur only near death?" Journal of Nervous and Mental Disorders 169(6)(1981): 374-77.
9. Noyes, R., "Attitude changes following near-death experiences," Psychiatry 43 (1980): 234-41.
10. Bucke, R., quoted in James, W., Varieties of Religious Experience (New York: Collier Books.1961), p. 314.
11. Ring, К., "The nature of personal identity in the near-death experience;
Paul Brunton and the ancient tcadition," Anabiosis 4(1) (1984): 3-20.
12. Evans-Wentz, W. Y., Tibetan Yoga and Secret Doctrines (London: Oxford University Press, 1935), p. 167.
13. Ibid., p. 166.
14. Ibid., p. 222.
15. Narayana, R., ed., The Dream Problem and Us Many Solutions in Search After Truth, vol.1 (Delhi, India: Practical Medicine.1922 p. 301-5.
16. Shah, I., Wisdom oflhe Idiols (London: Octagon Press, 1969), p. 122-3.
Эпилог
1. Dr. Judith Malamud has pursued a similar approach to "lucid living." See her chapter in Gackenbach, J. and LaBerge, S.(Eds.) Lucid Dreaming: New Research on Consciousness During Sleep (New York: Plenum, in press).
2. Shah, I., Seekers After Truth (London: Octagon Press,1982),p. 33.
3. LaBerge, S., "Lucid dreaming: Directing the action as it hap- pens," Psychology Today 15 (1981): 48-57.
4. James, W., The Varieties of Religious Experience (New York: Modern Library, 1929), p.378-79.
5. Moritz, К. P., Quoted in deBecker, R., The Understanding of Dreams (London: Alien & Unwin.1965), p. 406.
6. Nietzsche, F.» Quoted in deBecker, p.138.
7. Ibid.
8. Orage, A. R., Psychological Exercises (New York: Samuel Weiser, 1930), p. 92.
9. Whiteman,). H. M„ The Mystical Life (London: Faber & Faber 1961), p.
57. 10. Shah, I., Thinkers of the East (London: Octagon Press.1971), p. 123. New York Times, July
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