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Диссоциативные состояния в сравнении с истерическими
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Как уже отмечалось ранее, существует определенное перекрытие между истерической и диссоциативной психологиями. Многие из нас имеют и то, и другое. Конверсионные симптомы нередко встречаются у людей с нарушением в виде множественной личности; истерические люди диссоциируют несколько меньше. Базальный темперамент людей, более диссоциативных, и тех, кто более истеричен, возможно, аналогичен, но у первых дурное обращение в детстве носит более серьезный характер. Некоторые индивиды с истерической личностью, особенно невротического уровня, не страдают от абъюзa, о котором говорят, тогда как ни один из тех, кто обладает диссоциативной идентичностью, даже на невротическом уровне, не избежал серьезной травмы. Каждого пациента с истерическими симптомами следует оценить на предмет диссоциации.
Терапевтические применения данных отличий подразумевают для истерических пациентов значительность интерпретирования их периодических импульсов, фантазий и бессознательных стремлений – в противоположность упору при терапии с диссоциативными пациентами на воспоминание и отреагирование травматической истории. Если с диссоциативным клиентом работать первым способом, можно усилить отрицание, вину и не достигнуть той боли, которая создана ужасной историей. Если к истерическому клиенту применить второй подход, можно воспрепятствовать развитию чувства действия, происходящего из знания внутренней динамики и перенаправлению энергии в истинно удовлетворяющем направлении.
Диссоциативные состояния в сравнении с психопатиями
Как было отмечено в главе 7, некоторые антисоциальные люди имеют диссоциативные защиты. Различение социопатов с диссоциативными чертами и диссоциативных людей с социопатической частью личности – умопомрачительно трудная задача. В основном потому, что ко времени, когда возникает данный вопрос, от него зависит много правовых последствий. Индивид, обвиняемый в серьезном преступлении, делает большую ставку на то, чтобы убедить судью или присяжных во “множественности”. Реже персекуторная часть собственного “Я” пытается наказать личность-хозяина, оценивая собственное “Я” антисоциально. Будет благоразумно подозревать психопатию, когда кто-то имеет серьезные причины симулировать. Некоторые недавние книги в жанре “настоящих преступлений” (Weissberg, 1992) исследуют сложности, связанные с психологическими хитросплетениями, которые возникают в тех случаях, когда подозреваемый выдает себя за множественную личность.
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Если мы действительно выступаем за достоверную дифференцировку сущностно диссоциативных и сущностно психопатических людей (даже если существует значительная вторичная выгода для пациента в представлении тем или иным образом), последствия для системы правосудия могут быть очень важны. Поскольку диссоциативные личности (за исключением наиболее полифрагментированных) имеют хороший прогноз, должна быть заметная польза в плане предотвращения дальнейших преступлений от проведения интенсивной психотерапии с теми преступниками, у которых обнаружено нарушение в виде множественной личности. Клиницисты могут излечивать диссоциацию более быстро, чем они модифицируют антисоциальные паттерны. В условиях ограниченных средств люди, работающие в тюрьмах или в исправительной системе, могли бы сконцентрировать свои усилия на этих более чувствительных к их помощи клиентах.
Заключение
В настоящей главе я обсудила историю понятия диссоциации и ее интигующего характерологического варианта, нарушения в виде множественной личности. В объяснении индивидуального развития диссоциации как ядерного процесса я отметила конституциональный талант к самогипнозу, часто сосуществующий с высоким интеллектом, креативностью и социофилией. Эти факторы могут предрасполагать индивида к ответу на травму диссоциативными защитами, невидимыми для окружающих. Обсуждалась BASK-модель диссоциации Брауна в качестве альтернативы концепции защит Фрейда. Объектные отношения диссоциативных людей объяснялись как укорененные в травматическом абъюзе в детстве, не облегченном помощью в эмоциональной переработке такой раны. Собственное “Я” индивида с диссоциативной идентичностью обрисовано не только как фрагментированное, но также как пропитанное парализующими страхами и самообвинительными когнитивными структурами.
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Подчеркнута сила трансферных и контртрансферных реакций с диссоциативными пациентами. Особенно то обстоятельство, что они провоцируют фантазии о спасении, а также сверхвовлеченность терапевта. Лечебные рекомендации при данном диагонозе делают упор на интернализации чувства базальной безопасности и кооперации в терапевтических взаимоотношениях. Они включают обеспечение воспоминаний и эмоционального постижения диссоциированного опыта; последовательную поддержку всех частей личности; установку на то, чтобы быть “реальным” и теплым, строго придерживаясь профессиональных границ; анализирование патогенных верований; использование гипноза в качестве дополнения; уважение потребности клиента в достаточном количестве времени для допущения отреагирования и интеграции. Диссоциативная динамика отдифференцирована от шизофренических и биполярных психозов, пограничных состояний, истерической и психопатической дичностной организаций.
Дополнительная литература
Путнам (Putnam, 1989) и Росс (Ross, 1989) написали прекрасные фундаментальные тексты по диагностике и лечению диссоциативных состояний. Психоаналитически ориентированному читателю не надо отказываться от Росса из-за его несколько странного отношения к анализу. Его экспертное исследование огромно. Наиболее краткой статьей по множественной личности и диссоциации из всех, что я знаю, является обзор Клафта (Kluft’a, 1991). Глава о множественной личности в антологии Клафта и Файна (Kluft & Fine, 1993) очень хороша и постоянно читается.
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