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Have you been a witness to an electric service failure? Describe it, please.
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Have you been a witness to an electric service failure? Describe it, please.
28. Read and translate the text. What do you think is meant by «Member countries»?
Give the new units for the following: rö ntgen, rad, rem, curie.
Quantities and Units
For many years, special measurement units for quantities of interest in radiation protection were used, which were not coherent with the International System of Units (SI). These old units (rö ntgen, rad, rem and curie) have been superseded in the last few years by a new set of units which are coherent with the SI system.
These new units, the gray for absorbed dose, the sievert for dose equivalent, and the becquerel for activity of radioactive materials, have been progressively adopted in Member countries, although some residual cases of use of the old units are still being observed. The relationships between the new SI units and those previously used are shown in the following table:
| Quantity | SI Unit | New Name and Symbol | Old Unit and Symbol | Conversion Factors |
| Exposure | kg-1 | - | rö ntgen (R) | 1 C kg-1 = 3876 R 1 R = 2. 5 × 10-4 C kg-1 |
| Absorbed dose | J kg-1 | gray (Gy) | rad (rad) | 1 Gy = 100 rad 1 rad = 10-2 Gy |
| Dose equivalent | J kg-1 | sievert (Sv) | rem (rem) | 1 Sv = 100 rem 1 rem = 10-2 Sv |
| Activity | s-1 | becquerel (Bq) | curie (Ci) | 1 Bq = 2. 7 × 10-11 Ci 1 Ci = 3. 7 × 1010 Bq |
29. Read the text and find in it the answers to the questions that follow it.
Electric Power Plants
The two main types of power plants traditionally have been the fossil-fuel steam-electric plant and the hydroelectric plant. Other types, including internal-combustion-engine plants and nuclear plants also have been built. The selection of a particular type of generating plant and its location involves consideration of a number of factors such as plant, fuel, and transmission line costs; availability of cooling water, and environmental considerations.
Fig. 24. Cross-section through the main structures and units of hydroelectric power plant
For several reasons, the relative importance of the various types of power plants has been shifting. Good sites for new hydroelectric plants have become scarce in many countries. Distribution networks have been extended so that less expensive power from large steam-electric stations has been replacing power from smaller diesel-generator units. Nuclear-electric power plants have been built instead of fossil-fuel steam-electric plants because the cost of coal and oil has been increasing.
In the United States in 1970, fossil-fuel steam-electric plants accounted for 76% of the power generated, hydroelectric plants for 16%, and nuclear plants for 2%.
In 2000 45% of the electric power in the United States is generated from fossil-fuel steam-electric plants, 45% from nuclear plants, and 10% from hydroelectric plants.
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1. What kinds of power plants are in use nowadays?
2. What does the selection of a type of generating plant depend on?
3. For what reason are nuclear-electric power plants being built instead of fossil-fuel steam-electric plants?
30. Study Fig. 25 and read the text. Describe a nuclear power plant.
Nuclear Power Plants
The energy for operating a nuclear power plant comes from the heat released during the fissioning of uranium or plutonium atoms in a nuclear reactor. This fission heat is used to generate steam, which drives a turbine generator. Thus, there are two main differences between a nuclear power plant and a steam-electric power plant: the nuclear plant uses a nuclear fuel instead of a fossil fuel, and it uses a nuclear reactor instead of a boiler.
Fig. 25. Simplified production process diagram of nuclear power plant:
R - nuclear reactor; SG - steam generator; T - steam turbine; G - electric power generator; C - steam condenser; S - switchboard
The fissioning of uranium-235 or plutonium-239 atoms - the primary nuclear fuels - is caused by the impacts of neutrons on these atoms. The fission process not only produces heat but also several additional neutrons that can cause fissioning of other uranium-235 or plutonium-239 atoms. Thus, by proper arrangement of the atoms of the fuel, a sustained chain reaction can be maintained to provide a steady source of heat for operating a power plant. This chain reaction is controlled by regulating the number and the energy of the neutrons as they proceed from one fission reaction to another.
There are various types of nuclear reactors. The major differences between them are the form of the fuel, the methods for controlling the number and energy of the neutrons, and the type of liquid or gas used to remove the heat from the reactor core.
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