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Порядок слов в предложении
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| подлежащее | сказуемое | сущ. в общем | инфинитив | второстепен- |
| падежеили | ные члены | |||
| местоимение | предложения | |||
| в объектном | ||||
| падеже |
Например:
I expect you to come on Monday. — Я ожидаю, что ты придешь в понедельник.
She wants her mother to pack the things. — Она хочет, чтобы еемама упаковала вещи.
Mr. Jefferson knew the customer to come at 5 o'clock. — Мистер Джефферсон знал, что заказчик придет в 5 часов.
I want you to settle the price problem. — Я хочу, чтобы Вы уладили ценовую проблему.
В зависимости от того, чем выражено сказуемое, которое всегда употреблено в форме действительного залога, выделяются следую-
* Местоимения в объектном падеже: me, you, her, him, it, us, them.
щие случаи и особенности употребления Complex Object с инфи-
нитивом:
1) после глаголов чувственного восприятия (see, hear, watch, notice, feel). Особенность: инфинитив теряет частицу to.
Например:
I saw her leave the bank. — Я видел, что она выходила из банка. Paul felt his heart sink. — Пол почувствовал, что его сердце «ушло
В пятки».
She watched him go along the street and enter a door. — Она видела, что он пошел по улице и вошел в дверь.
2) после глаголов, обозначающих умственную деятельность
(think, know, suppose, expect etc.). Инфинитив сохраняет частицу to.
Например:
He thought the interest rates to rise. — Он думал, что процентные
ставки повысятся.
At any moment she was expecting Eric to come back. — Каждую минуту она ожидала, что Эрик вернется.
3) после глаголов, обозначающих чувства (like, love, hate etc.). Ин-финитив сохраняет частицу to.
Например:
I don't like you to talk like this. — Мне не нравится, когда ты такговоришь.
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She hates people to be insincere. — Она ненавидит, когда людине откровенны.
4) после глаголов, обозначающих желание (want, wish etc.). Ин-финитив сохраняет частицу to.
Например:
Mrs. Smith wants the manager to give her money back. — Миссис Смит хочет, чтобы менеджер вернул ей деньги.
I wish you to be happy. — Я желаю, чтобы ты был счастлив.
5) после глаголов, обозначающих просьбы, приказания (say, tell, order, ask etc.). Особенность: исключение составляют глаголы let,
make, have, после которых инфинитив теряет частицу to.
Например:
He made her smile. — Он заставил ее улыбнуться. Let me help you. — Позвольте мне помочь Вам.
He ordered him to bring the gun. — Он приказал ему принести ружье.
Сложное подлежащее (Complex Subject) с инфинитивом (другойтермин: The Nominative — with — the Infinitive — Именительный па-деж с инфинитивом) — это инфинитивная конструкция, состоящая из существительного в общем падеже или личного местоимения*, обозначающего лицо или предмет (подлежащее), и инфинитива, обозначающего действие данного лица или предмета. Между под-лежащим и инфинитивом находится личная форма глагола, по ко-торой проводится согласование с подлежащим.
Порядок слов в предложении
| существительное | личная форма | инфинитив | второстепенные |
| в общем падеже | глагола | члены предло- | |
| или | жения | ||
| личное | |||
| местоимение |
На русский язык начинать переводить данную конструкцию сле-дует с личной формы глагола с помощью вводных слов, конструкций, безличных предложений, а затем в качестве главных членов предло-жения использовать английское существительное в общем падеже или личное местоимение и инфинитив соответственно.
В качестве личной формы глагола могут выступать следующие выражения:
1) to seem — казаться
to appear — казаться, по-видимому to happen — случаться
to prove/to turn out — оказыватьсяНапример:
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She seems to know you. — Кажется, она тебя знает.
We seem to have met once. — Кажется, мы встречались однажды. I seem to be waiting in vain. — Кажется, я жду зря.
* Личные местоимения: I, you, she, he, it, we, they.
Last week we happened to find the seller. — На прошлой неделе мы случайно нашли продавца.
2) употребленные в форме пассивного залога:
А) глаголы чувственного восприятия (to see, to hear, to watch, to notice, to feel);
Б) глаголы, обозначающие умственную деятельность (to think, to know, to suppose, to expect etc.);
В) глаголы, обозначающие передачу информации (to inform, to tell, to say, to report etc.).
Например,
She was heard to be singing in the hall. — Было слышно, как она поет в холле.
They are said to have left the country. — Говорят, что они покинули страну.
You are supposed to read these novels. — Предполагается, что Вы прочтете эти романы.
3) be likely, be unlikely, be sure (be certain). В составе Complex Subject
с инфинитивом данные выражения рекомендуется переводить как вероятно, вряд ли, наверняка, соответственно, или их синонимами.
Например,
He is sure to come. — Наверняка, он придет.
We are unlikely to go out tonight. — Вряд ли мы пойдем куда-
нибудь сегодня вечером.
УПРАЖНЕНИЯ
№ 1. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внима-ние на осбенности перевода инфинитивной конструкции Complex Object
1. I expect my sister to be promoted as soon as she graduates from the institute.
2. The manager wanted me to develop the plan of opening a new market.
3. The experts consider the market to have changed after the crises. 4. Consumers supposed the prices to decrease.
5. In order to sell bonds at a profit, the Government needs them to be valued at more than Ј35bn.
6. Mitchell Bank, based in a densely populated Latino community in Milwaukee, adopted immigrant-friendly practices in the late 1990s and saw its business grow.
7. Community activism allows her organization to connect thousands of immigrants with financial education and services.
8. «We can't allow this to happen again», Mackintosh said.
9. «We take 10 students and actually have them run the branch», said James Maloney, president of the 100‑year-old bank.
№ 2. Раскройте скобки, используя инфинитив (обратите вни-мание на необходимость использования частицы to)
1. We expect house prices (to trend down) relatively gradually over the final months of 2010 and in 2011 (to lose) around 10% in value.
2. Men can see their life insurance premiums (to come down), as generally they pay more than women because of shorter life expectancy.
3. China holds approximately $3 trillion in dollar assets, so it cannot afford to see the dollar (to collapse).
4. America needs China (to buy) her Treasury bills; and China needs America (to buy) her exports.
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5. Females see their annuity income (to fall) to subsidize the higher pension benefits.
6. The countries want this transition (to take place) gradually over the next decade.
№ 3. Составьте предложения, выбрав соответствующий поря-док слов
1. them, to deliver, ask, we, goods.
2. to have signed, knew, nobody, the Contract, the parties.
3. to solve, the Sales Manager, the General Director, with, wants, the problem, the customer.
4. never, the prices, so, I, rise, quickly, saw.
5. to be delivered, we'd, next, the documents, week, like.
6. of, channels, the agent, let, with, distribution, the problem, deal, the managers.
7. expect, the Company, new, didn't, to open, a market, they.
№ 4. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на особенности перевода инфинитивной конструкции Complex Subject
1. The financial problems being experienced by many are not expected to ease any time soon.
2. We are likely to continue seeing record numbers of people coming closer to the level of insolvency during 2011.
3. The rental market is looking particularly weak and is likely to remain so through next year.
4. Bridges are also likely to be highlighted, as more than a quarter across the US are in a state of serious disrepair.
5. He seemed to promise more responsible government at his inauguration.
6. Make it fast and easy for customers to order, as a site with a difficult sales process is likely to lose customers.
7. More people are expected to face the prospect of going bankrupt over the coming months.
№ 5. Перефразируйте предложения по модели, используя инфинитивные конструкции
Модель: Both Presidents are said to be extremely happy with thedeal. — Both Presidents are said to have been extremely happy with the deal.
1. Rents are likely to be under pressure for some time.
2. The major divergences in regulatory policies are unlikely to disappear.
3. Among immigrants, Mexicans are most likely to be unbanked. 4. China seems to be the most enthusiastic of all the financial powers
involved in the process.
5. A further depreciation of the currency is likely to occur next year. 6. The recent announcement was originally thought to have the
biggest impact on car insurance.
№ 6. Перефразируйте предложения по модели, используя инфинитивную конструкцию Complex Subject
Модель: They say, traces of gas and oil are found in this region. —
Traces of gas and oil are said to be found in this region.
1. According to the estimates, Greenland's icy coastal waters hold as much as 50 billion barrels of oil and gas.
2. Nobody expects that drilling will start for another three years. 3. They expect that three licences will be awarded imminently. 4. As expected the President will outline his strategy.
5. Probably the consumer environment will become much tougher. 6. Everyone knows that Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) should
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tackle high inflation and support the economy. 7. Apparently the rates will not rise for many months.
8. According to the newspaper reports, more details on today's rates decision and the Committee voting result will be made public.
9. Evidently the November meeting will be a key event.
10. They think that a low level of mortgages approved for house purchase is consistent with a stable market.
ГЕРУНДИЙ (THE GERUND)
Герундий — это неличная форма глагола, совмещающая в себе признаки глагола и существительного. В русском языке такой фор-мы нет, однако по значению герундию близко отглагольное суще-ствительное (например, чтение, рисование, размышление и т. д.).
Герундий образуется путем добавления окончания - ing к основе глагола: making, reading, taking etc.
Формы герундия различаются по залогу (Active/Passive Voice) и по виду (Simple, Perfect).
| Aspect | Active Voice | Passive Voice |
| Simple | writing | being written |
| Perfect | having written | having been written |
Перфектные формы герундия обозначают предшествующее дей-ствие по отношению к действию сказуемого, неперфектные формы герундия обозначают одновременные или последующие действия по отношению к действию сказуемого.
Например:
I like inviting people. — Я люблю приглашать людей.
I like being invited. — Я люблю, кода меня приглашают.
We are proud of having invited him to the party. — Мы гордимся тем, что пригласили его на вечер.
The children were proud of having been invited to the party. — Дети были горды тем, что их пригласили на вечер.
I am sorry for having interrupted you. — Я прошу прощения за то, что прервал Вас.
Не was accused of breaking the law. — Его обвинили в нарушении закона.
Stop making so much noise! — Перестань так шуметь!
В предложении герундий выполняет все функции, кроме просто-го глагольного сказуемого.
| Функция | Предложение | Вариант перевода |
| в предложении | на английском языке | на русский язык |
| Подлежащее | Listening to music is my | Слушать музыку — мое |
| hobby. | хобби. | |
| Часть сказуемого | My hobby is listening to | Мое хобби — слушать |
| music. | музыку. | |
| Дополнение | I like listening to music. | Я люблю слушать |
| музыку. | ||
| Обстоятельство 1 | After listening to music | После прослушивания |
| she went to bed. | музыки она пошла спать. | |
| Определение 2 | Не has a habit of listening | У него привычка слу‑ |
| to music at night. | шать музыку по ночам. |
Примечания:
ƒ ƒВ функции обстоятельства герундий всегда употребляется с предлогом.
Например:
On coming home I always wash my hands. After finishing his work he will see his friends.
ƒ ƒВ функции определения герундий всегда употребляется с пред-логом, чаще всего это предлог of.
Например:
I have an idea of building a house.
Не has no opportunity of going abroad.
Особенности употребления герундия:
а) перед герундием может употребляться существительное в при-тяжательном падеже или притяжательное местоимение.
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Например:
It will depend on your being here. Mike's being late was not noticed.
б) перед герундием может употребляться отрицательное место-имение no.
Например: No smoking. No whispering.
в) в английском языке существует ряд выражений, требующих после себя употребление только герундия: accuse of, depend on, insist on, prevent from, persist in, thank for, chance of, experience in, opportunity of, give up, go on, avoid, delay, mind, regret, be afraid of, be guilty of, be worth, without, instead of, in spite of etc.
Например:
He left the room without saying a word. She gave up smoking last year.
It's no use crying over split milk.
УПРАЖНЕНИЯ
№ 1. Переведите предложения на русский язык. Определите функцию герундия в предложении
1. It's a stark choice: take a pay cut or face losing your job.
2. They have taken pay cuts of approximately $200 a week by reducing the hours they work.
3. By taking a temporary pay cut until the end of March, we reduced the number of redundancies from 510 to 178.
4. Companies which take advantage of workers during this downturn run the risk of seeing them walk out of the door when the economy improves.
5. The Government is looking at compensating employees.
6. The investors spent a lot fretting about the mounting cost of bailing out Irish banks.
7. The Halifax figures showed the worst monthly drop since the group began compiling figures in 1983.
8. There are hopes September's fall will give the market a boost, by tempting buyers back in while interest rates remain at historic lows.
9. Highstar Capital is hoping to raise as much as £200m from selling its stake.
10. There is a risk of deepening divisions between China and the US over influence and oil in the Middle East.
11. Brazil has shown interest in collaborating in non-dollar oil payments, along with India.
12. Relying on one currency only has the advantage of clarity, but it also creates instability.
№ 2. Подберите необходимую форму герундия.
| selling | paying | having invested | having been paid |
| being paid | being provided | having sold | providing |
1. ……… people with goods and services is the main task of our agency. 2. He is proud of……… so many houses at that difficult market situation. 3. You can avoid……… inheritance tax.
4. ………… means you have a salary or a fixed payment for your work. 5. The President of the Fund is accused of………….too much money
into this project.
6. Nowdays companies have difficulties in……….their shares. 7. The employee denied…………….for that work.
8. The customer insisted on………….with the service he paid for.
№ 3. Подберите необходимую форму герундия.
| throwing | monitoring | explaining | finding |
| paying | avoiding | paying | revealing |
| petitioning | selling | considering |
1. ………… the state's holdings later would be a bigger and even more difficult task.
2. They are on the side of……… the worst.
3. If………… money at the problem averts a slump, it'll have been worth it. 4. The process involves………… the court and…………. a fee of around
£500, before……………… the circumstances to a judge.
5. There are other financial products that are worth………… that may help you during the tough times.
6. The first step is……………. an insolvency practitioner who will act as a supervisor of the arrangement.
7. An insolvency practitioner will help you to make a plan for…………… back your creditors.
8. Hispanic undocumented immigrants may shy away from banks for fear of…………. their illegal status.
9. I hope there will be better coordination in………………. international capital flows on both sides of the Atlantic.
№ 4. Запишите предложения, употребив необходимую форму герундия. Определите функцию герундия в предложении
1. But after (agreeing, having agreed,) to raise its stake from 58 to 70 per cent, (buying out, having bought out) the minority shareholders at the current stock market price would cost a mere Ј2bn.
2. As taxpayers have already invested Ј20bn on a stake that is now worth less than Ј5bn, (purchasing, having purchased) the rest of the equity could be a cheap way of (simplifying, having simplified) the Treasury's holding.
3. The payment could mean (issuing, having issued) more ordinary equity or preference shares.
4. One problem the Treasury faces in (running, having run) two major banks is the conflict of interest.
5. One of the most important elements of (setting up, having set up) an online business is (finding out, having found out) if there is a market for your idea.
6. For many businesses, (raising, having raised) funds may involve several sources.
7. Bank finance in the form of a loan or overdraft is usually cheaper than (selling, having sold) shares or equity in your business.
8. A common error businesses make is to ask for too little financial support in the hope of (getting, having got) at least some of the funding they need.
9. (Having, having had) a relatively competitive currency is no bad thing in a global downturn.
10. While (starting up, having started up) an internet business can be one of the toughest things you ever do, it can also be the most rewarding.
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