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Причастие I (participle I)
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Причастие I — это неличная форма глагола, совмещающая в себепризнаки глагола, прилагательного и наречия. Причастие I обра-зуется путем добавления окончания - ing к основе глагола. Формы причастия I различаются по залогу (Active/Passive Voice) и по виду (Simple, Perfect).
| Aspect | Active Voice | Passive Voice |
| Simple | writing | being written |
| Perfect | having written | having been written |
Перфектные формы причастия I обозначают предшествующее действие по отношению к действию сказуемого, неперфектные формы причастия I обозначают одновременные или последующие действия по отношению к действию сказуемого.
Например:
When reading difficult texts we use dictionaries. — Когда мы читаем сложные тексты, мы используем словари (одновременностьдействий).
Having read a book I always discuss it with my friend. — Прочитав книгу, я всегда обсуждаю ее с моим другом (предшествование действий).
Having been told about his arrival I went to see him. — Узнав о егоприбытии, я пошел повидаться с ним (предшествование действий).
В предложении причастие I выполняет функции определения, обстоятельства и входит в состав сказуемого.
| Функция | Предложение | Вариант перевода | |
| в предло- | предложения | ||
| на английском языке | |||
| жении | на русский язык | ||
| Часть | We arelearning foreign | Мы изучаем иностранные | |
| сказуемого | languages. | языки. | |
| Определение | Barking dogs seldom bite. | Лающие собаки редко кусают. | |
| The woman standing by | Женщина, стоящая у окна, | ||
| the window is our teacher. | наш учитель. | ||
| Обстоятель- | Having received the | Получив результаты, она | |
| ство | results she could evaluate | могла оценить терапию. | |
| the treatment. | Читая тексты на английском | ||
| While reading English | языке, мы узнаем новые | ||
| texts we learn new words. | слова. |
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Причастие I может быть употреблено в конструкции Complex Object with Participle I (сложное дополнение с причастием I) *. Данная конструкция состоит из существительного (неопределенного местоимения) в общем падеже или личного местоимения в объектном падеже и причастия I. По сравнению с конструкцией Complex Object with Infinitive, в конструкции с причастием I подчеркивается процесс протекания действия, одновременный с действием глагола-сказуемого.
Ср.: I saw you cross the street. — Я видел, что ты переходишь улицу. I saw you crossing the street. — Я видел, как ты переходишь улицу. Данная конструкция используется в качестве сложного дополнения после глаголов to hear, to feel, to listen, to notice, to observe, to see,
to look (at), to keep (с причастием waiting), to find.
Например:
We heard Helen talking to the doctor. — Мы слышали, как Хелен разговаривала с врачом.
I found him reading my letter. — Я застал его за чтением моего письма.
При абсолютной идентичности форм герундия и причастия I их необходимо четко различать в предложении с целью правильной передачи информации.
| Особенности | Наличие признака | ||
| употребления | Герундий | Причастие I | |
| Части речи совме- | Глагол, существительное | Глагол, прилагатель- | |
| щаемых признаков | ное, наречие | ||
| Употребление | Да | Нет | |
| с предлогом | Например: | Например: | |
| Coming home he | |||
| On coming home he always | |||
| always washes his | |||
| washes his hands. | |||
| hands. | |||
| Употребление | Да | ||
| с притяжательным | |||
| местоимением, | |||
| Например: | |||
| существительным | Нет | ||
| в притяжательном | Helen's answering the | ||
| падеже | questions disappointed me. | ||
| Your writing business letters | |||
| leaves much to be improved. |
* Другое название для данной конструкции — Объектный падеж с причастием I.
| Особенности | Наличие признака | ||
| употребления | Герундий | Причастие I | |
| Употребление | Да | ||
| с отрицательным | |||
| Нет | |||
| Например: | |||
| местоимением | |||
| No trespassing. | |||
| Функции в предложении | |||
| Подлежащее | Да | ||
| Например: | Нет | ||
| Meeting new people was the | |||
| main advantage of her job. | |||
| Часть сказуемого | Да (Simple) | Да (Continuous) | |
| Например: | Например: | ||
| His hobby is listening to | He is listening to music | ||
| music. | now. | ||
| Дополнение | Да | ||
| Например: | Нет | ||
| I avoid speaking to strangers. | |||
| Обстоятельство | Да(с предлогом) | Да1 | |
| Например: | Например: | ||
| Running the | |||
| After making his speech he | |||
| sportsman tried to | |||
| was exhausted. | |||
| breathe regularly. | |||
| Определение | Да(с предлогом) | Да | |
| Например: | Например: | ||
| The boy reading | |||
| He offered an easy way of | |||
| a book is the best | |||
| solving this problem. | |||
| student of our college. | |||
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1 Причастие в функции обстоятельства не употребляется с пред-логами, но с ним могут употребляться такие союзы, как when, while.
УПРАЖНЕНИЯ
№ 1. Переведите предложения на русский язык. Определите функцию причастия I в предложении.
1. Ministerial sources insisted last night that a scheme to help compensate workers was «not imminent» but said it was an option being discussed.
2. Although the crisis ended with a pay deal on 19 February, the miners repeated their industrial action less than two years later, provoking another three-day week and, ultimately, the removal of the Heath government in February 1974.
3. Ailing infrastructure is one of the big problems facing the President. 4. According to a survey by KPMG, 75 per cent of US executives claim that their companies will face an operating cost rise as a result of
poor infrastructure.
5. Other parts of the world, while being dragged down this year, manage rather better than Western Europe or North America.
6. Thus, they could temporarily lend out some of this gold to others, obtaining a promissory note for principal and interest.
№ 2. Раскройте скобки, используя соответствующую форму причастия I
1. It also introduced a new range of mortgages for people (borrow) 85% of their home's value.
2. (advance) £1 billion during 2009, the Post Office got a market share of between 3% and 5%.
3. The trouble is most of those (buy) now and (pay) later have little idea of just how crippling debt can be.
4. Apart from mortgages, we also owe an (increase) amount on plastic and loans.
5. (use) their experiences and material from Money Smart, a government financial literacy program, the student employees managed to provide financial education to their peers, to elementary school students and to their parents.
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6. There are now 220 Nando's in the UK, in every large town from Edinburgh to Exeter, (serve) 800,000 customers every week.
7. When (buy) a policy, it's important you plan ahead.
8. (buy) an insurance policy, people could no longer get worried about coming difficulties.
9. If your main priority is to cover (exist) debts such as your mortgage, taking out a policy for your total debt should be sufficient.
10. A Treasury spokesman said the (grow) number of people (pay) higher-rate tax was merely a sign of Britain s economic success.
№ 3. Перефразируйте предложения, заменив выделенную часть предложения соответствующей формой причастия
Модель: When you start your own business, think of all the sectorsyou can serve. — Starting your own business, think of all the sectors you can serve.
After he started his own business, he began giving money in charity. — Having started his own business, he began giving money in charity.
1. When he knew about the economic slump, he put his money into real estate.
2. When the managers were working under the new project, they didn't realize how important it could be for the Company.
3. Now that the President has signed the Contract, he began building. 4. People were frightened by the increasing prices, so they started buying
essential commodities in advance.
5. After the staff implemented some urgent measures, the financial situation in the company improved.
6. She declined the offer of a credit because she didn't have a permanent job.
№ 4. Определите функцию причастия I или герундия
в предложении. Переведите предложения на русский язык
1. State banks survived by expanding their deposit-transfer function, continuing to this day a unique dual banking system, whereby a bank may obtain either a national or a state charter.
2. Banks were also prohibited from offering money market accounts. 3. Funding for the program comes from the premiums paid by member
institutions.
4. When you start getting into debt it is not hard to fall into a vicious downward spiral.
5. We are encouraged by the increasing numbers who are using their repayment savings to erode their credit card and loan debts.
6. Insurance industry observers described the response of firms as «disappointing», and criticised them for being slow to act.
7. Well, for those people who find themselves completely unable to meet their repayments, there are three main options for them to consider: striking a deal; entering an Individual Voluntary Arrangement; or declaring themselves bankrupt.
№ 5. Определите функцию причастия I или герундия
в предложении. Задайте вопросы к выделенным словам. Переведите предложения на русский язык
1. The first is to reach a compromise with creditors and this usually involves explaining the situation to them in a letter.
2. Having made a fortune nurturing real estate, he moved into publishing in 1981 with the purchase of the Atlantic and AtlanticMonthly Press.
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3. I like working with the customers, even when it's very busy, like when there is football.
4. It turned out they've been having problems with people faking the cards, or passing the cards between each other.
5. Due to the high number of bankruptcies taking place across the country, there might be a waiting list of several weeks.
6. And the debt problem is getting worse.
7. As thinking is changing — particularly in the United States, where policymakers are shifting away from the belief that markets can regulate themselves — U. S. and EU regulatory approaches become somewhat more similar.
8. National regulators in each jurisdiction insist on regulating its banking industry.
ПРИЧАСТИЕ II (PARTICIPLE II)*
Причастие II — это неличная форма глагола, совмещающая в себепризнаки глагола, прилагательного и наречия. Причастие образуется путем добавления окончания - ed к основе глагола, если глагол правильный; если глагол неправильный, см. таблицу неправильных глаголов (третья колонка). В отличие от других неличных форм глагола причастие II имеет одну форму со значением страдательного залога.
* Другое название Past Participle (причастие прошедшего времени).
Например,
Informed of the arrival of the participants, they sent a car to meetthem. — Получив информацию о прибытии участников, они выслали машину, чтобы встретить их.
The houses built many years ago make up the architecture of the town. — Дома, построенные много лет назад, составляют архитек-туру города.
В предложении причастие II выполняет функции определения, обстоятельства и входит в состав сказуемого.
| Функции | Предложение | Вариант перевода пред- | |
| ложения | |||
| в предложении | на английском языке | ||
| на русский язык | |||
| Часть сказуемого | The article called | Статья под названием | |
| «The Crime and the | «Преступление и наказа- | ||
| Punishment» was | ние» была опубликована | ||
| published yesterday. | вчера. | ||
| They had closed the | Они закрыли магазин | ||
| shop by the time he came | к тому времени, как он | ||
| yesterday. | пришел вчера. | ||
| Определение | I received a letter written | Я получил письмо, на‑ | |
| by my mother. | писанное моей мамой. | ||
| The book discussed | Книга, обсуждаемая | ||
| yesterday impressed me. | вчера, произвела на меня | ||
| впечатление. | |||
| Обстоятельство | When given time to think | Когда ему дают время | |
| he always answers well. | подумать, он всегда от- | ||
| вечает хорошо. |
Причастие II может быть употреблено в конструкции Complex Object with Participle II (Сложное дополнение с причастием II), которая состоит из существительного (неопределенного местоимения) в общем падеже или личного местоимения в объектном падеже и причастия II. Данная конструкция в функции сложного дополнения используется в основном после глаголов to have, to get, to want, to wish. В случае использования сложного дополнения с причастием IIпосле глаголов to have, to get конструкция обозначает действие, выполняемое каким-либо лицом для лица, выраженного подлежащим.
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Ср.: I will have the letter corrected. — Мне исправят письмо (оно будет исправлено кем-то).
I will correct the letter. — Я исправлю письмо (сам).
Подобные обороты с причастием II в английском языке очень рас-пространены. Например, to have one»s hair cut/trimmed ( постричься), to have one's hair done/set ( сделать прическу), to have one's shoes mended ( отдать туфли в починку), to have one's photo taken ( сфото-графироваться), to have one's clothes cleaned (отдать одежду в чистку), to have one's chest X‑rayed (сделать рентген грудной клетки), to have one's tooth filled (запломбировать зуб) и т. д.
УПРАЖНЕНИЯ
№ 1. Переведите предложения на русский язык. Определите функцию причастия II в предложении
1. Employees at JCB, the construction-equipment manufacturer, were one of the first groups forced to make this choice in the light of the credit crunch.
2. According to a recent survey of employees, carried out by the Char tered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD), 9 per cent of construction staff, 6 per cent working in finance and 5 per cent in the hospi tality field have either had their hours reduced or their pay cut, or both.
3. So what are your rights as a worker if faced with the prospect of a pay cut?
4. It would match measures introduced by the German government. 5. The Thatcher government brought in a short-time working directive
in the 1980s to cover earnings lost through shorter hours.
6. Even at today's depleted prices, the two banks are valued by the stock market at about Ј10bn.
7. After a marketing campaign aimed at small investors, the Government announced a fixed offer price, but then, between pricing and closure, came the «Black Monday» stock market collapse and underwriters pleaded to cancel the sale.
8. Indeed anyone associated with this Government's financial management carries a taint.
9. Figures released on Friday showed that the economy is contracting faster than at any time since 1980.
№ 2. Раскройте скобки, используя форму причастия II
1. Deposit banking was (separate) from investment banking; the monetary controls of the Federal Reserve were (expand), and its
powers were (centralize) in its Board of Governors; and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation was (create).
2. Until the early 1980»s interest rates on bank accounts were (regulate) and (control) by the national government.
3. Funding for the program comes from the premiums (pay) by member institutions.
4. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 (GATT 1994) is a multilateral treaty (subscribe) to by 125 member governments.
5. The decline of American economic power (link) to the current global recession was implicitly acknowledged by the World Bank president Robert Zoellick.
6. The financial crisis has left the USA economy (hobble) with significant government and household debts and sharply (reduce) prospects for growth.
7. The increase in the number of higher-rate taxpayers is a sign of economic success and (increase) national prosperity.
8. What should a (retire) person do?
9. In an industry with billions of transactions (handle) every year, there will inevitably be some instances where something will go wrong, but the vast majority of customers experience no problems at all.
№ 3. Выберите соответствующую форму причастия. Переведите предложения на русский язык. Определите функцию причастия II в предложении
1. Every year more than 100,000people find themselves so (overwhelming, overwhelmed) by financial distress that they become insolvent.
2. There are 9,500 new debt problems (dealing, dealt) with by Citizens Advice each day.
3. Meanwhile a property is (repossessing, repossessed) every 11.4 minutes and someone will be declared insolvent or bankrupt every 3.69 minutes.
4. Compared to native-born Americans, immigrants like Gama are not only poor, but also disproportionately («unbanked», «unbanking») meaning they do not have bank accounts.
5. Some might be («under-banked», «under-banking») making minimal use of banks.
6. The average interest (paying, paid) by each household on their total debt is approximately £2,692 each year.
7. The goldsmiths soon discovered that the amount of gold actually (removing, removed) by owners was only a fraction of the total stored.
УПРАЖНЕНИЯ НА ПОВТОРЕНИЕ
№ 1. Заполните таблицу, выбрав соответствующие неличные формы глагола из данных предложений. Переведите предложения на русский язык
| Номер | Инфинитив | Герундий | Причастие I | Причастие II | |
| предложения | |||||
| … | |||||
| … |
1. The President's administration is looking to establish a $60bn infrastructure bank based on the European Investment Bank (EIB), which is bailing out small UK businesses hit by the financial crisis.
2. The President's transition team has met at least one City figure close to the EIB to discuss how to set up a bank dedicated to rebuilding America's creaking transportation infrastructure.
3. We are a dinosaur economy trying to compete in a space-age global environment.
4. Jon Moulton has added his voice to the calls, arguing that nationalisation is the only way to remove the uncertainty hanging over the banks.
5. Buying the outstanding 57 per cent of Lloyds Banking Group, the business created by last week's merger of Lloyds TSB and HBOS, would cost another Ј2bn.
6. With Alliance & Leicester bought by Santander of Spain, only HSBC and Barclays remain independent, and the latter is largely owned by Qatar and Abu Dhabi investors following its own recapitalisation.
7. Alistair Darling has established a company, UK FinancialInvestments, to hold the nationalised bank stakes and prepare them for privatisation.
8. Sainsbury's chairman, Sir Philip Hampton, was named last month as chairman of UKFI, with Treasury civil servant John Kingman as its chief executive.
9. Ministers will be unwilling to sell until they can recoup the huge losses incurred on the quoted investments, and with bank shares still falling, no sale is expected.
10. With both banks, the Government suffered by agreeing to buy shares at a fixed price in a falling market, and there are fears it could lose again when it sells the shares if the banks remain listed.
11. Taking RBS or Lloyds into full ownership would allow those banks to be sold more easily too.
12. State banks survived by expanding their deposit-transfer function, continuing to this day a unique dual banking system, whereby a bank may obtain either a national or a state charter.
13. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) was created after World War II by a group of nations meeting in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire.
№ 2. Раскройте скобки, используя соответствующую неличную форму глагола. Переведите предложения на русский язык
1. Business angels are wealthy individuals who look (invest) in (grow) companies (want) (raise) between Ј10,000 and Ј250,00.
2. Short-time (work) is a lot better than lost jobs because it means there are more people still in work — not (take) benefits — and still (pay) taxes.
3. The conflicts in (own) so many banks that are meant (compete) with each other makes a speedy realisation sensible, but few expect this (happen).
4. He will have (decide) which bank (sell) first but not let that sale (damage) the market and (make) it harder (sell) the other.
5. The (start) point for any new venture is (create) a business plan. 6. Jeffrey Macklin says the objective of the business plan is (tell) a simple story that leaves the reader (want) (meet) the management team
and (find out) more about the proposition.
7. Equity investment is ideal for those businesses that do not want (increase) their level of (borrow), or are unable (provide) the necessary security.
8. Websites should (be) easy (navigate) so users don't get (frustrate) and leave without (make) a purchase.
9. Interest rates on its (exist) (fix) rate mortgage range were also (reduce) for the fifth time this year.
10. More borrowers are (start) (take) action (protect) themselves from possible interest rate rises and this is (reflect) in the (increase) number of remortgages.
11. The first bank to be (charter) by the new federal government was the Bank of the United States, (establish) in Philadelphia in 1791.
12. In the next three decades the number of banks grew rapidly in response to the (flourish) economy and to the system of «free banking», that is, the granting of a bank charter to any group that fulfilled (state) statutory conditions.
13. The Bretton Woods conference also set up the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank) (facilitate) the lending of money by capital surplus countries — such as the United States — to countries (need) economic help and (want) foreign investments after World War II.
№ 3. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на особенности перевода неличных форм глагола
1. In the past few months, Nando's has taken advantage of the cheaper property market and expanded aggressively in London, opening in Westfield shopping centre, on the South Bank, in King's Cross.
2. The President will be responsible for deciding which assets can be kept and what needs to be sold off to repay the debt.
3. Of course there are ways for people to prevent repeating their mistakes and getting into future problems, according to Justin Modray at CandidMoney.com, who points out that the best way to avoid problems is not to spend more than you earn.
4. The financial problems being experienced by many are not expected to ease any time soon.
5. The UK's debt culture built up over the last decade has intensified the effects of the financial crisis and people need to understand the consequences of taking on debt and be given incentives to rebuild their savings.
6. Building credit is crucial to individuals in a consumption economy, and banks need to educate individuals in making responsible financial decisions to maximize their earnings potential.
7. Having made a fortune, he moved into publishing in 1981 with the purchase of the Atlantic and Atlantic Monthly Press.
8. Well, for those people who find themselves completely unable to meet their repayments, there are three main options for them to consider:
striking a deal; entering an Individual Voluntary Arrangement; or declaring themselves bankrupt.
9. The first — and easily the most preferable — is to reach a compromise with creditors and this usually involves explaining the situation to them in a letter.
10. Government fiscal operations were handled initially by private bankers and later (after 1846) by the Independent Treasury System, a network of government collecting and disbursing offices.
11. Since 1947 and the end of the World War II era, the goal of the GATT has been to liberalize world trade and make it secure for furthering economic growth and human development.
12. Special preferences are also granted to developing countries. 13. If a GATT agreement violation is found and not removed by the
offending country, trade sanctions authorized by a panel may be imposed on that country in an amount equal to the economic injury caused by the violation.
14. The European Economic Community (EEC) was established in 1958 by the Treaty of Rome in order to remove trade and economic barriers between member countries and to unify their economic policies.
КЛЮЧИ К УПРАЖНЕНИЯМ
Инфинитив
№ 1. Переведите предложения на русский язык. Определите функцию инфинитива в предложении
1. До подписания контракта было несколько вопросов для обсуж-дения. to discuss — определение
2. Председатель Барклайс и исполнительный директор тайно ра-ботают над тем, чтобы найти способы примирить своих новых и ста-рых акционеров в попытке получить одобрение сделки. to find — об-стоятельство, to reconcile — определение, to get — определение
3. Они встретились с более чем 20 акционерами на прошлой неделе с тем, чтобы объяснить план, согласно которому два новых инвестора будут владеть приблизительно 1/3 акций. to explain —
обстоятельство
4. Управление по инвестициям Кувейта использовало низкие цены для того, чтобы «отхватить» 22% акций нефтяной компании. to snap up — обстоятельство
5. В соответствии с соглашением банк также должен выплатить 300 млн гонораров и издержек, включая 4% комиссионных, новым инвесторам. pay — часть сказуемого
6. Командой президента изначально планировалось ссужать день-ги штатам, а не определенным транспортным схемам. to lend — под‑ лежащее
7. План по освещению мостов был одобрен, поскольку более четверти мостов в США находятся в неисправном состоянии. to highlight — определение
8. Задачей местных трудовых ресурсов является улучшить мест-ную инфраструктуру. to improve — часть сказуемого
№ 2. Раскройте скобки, используя инфинитив и обращая внимание на необходимость использования частицы to
1. Your total debts must not be more than £5,000.
2. She will have enough regular income to make weekly or monthly repayments.
3. When too many depositors request payment, the banking system is unable to respond because it lacks sufficient liquidity.
4. More than 1.5 million people are in temporary or part-time work because they cannot find a full-time post.
5. In a worse-case scenario, you may be unable to cover mortgage costs and be forced to leave the family home.
6. Insurance policies can run for the whole of life or for a set term, such as 20 or 25 years.
7. The payout should free your dependents from the burden of current debts and if possible, provide enough to maintain their lifestyle.
8. Life insurance can be set up with a longer term than usual in many other types of insurance.
9. It's important that a policy is able to meet your needs today and in the future.
№ 3. Выберите соответствующую форму инфинитива. Переведите предложения на русский язык
1. to safeguard — Снижение выплат необходимо для того, чтобы сохранить рабочее место.
2. to decrease — Компании будут снижать заработную плату с це-лью снижения уровня сокращений штата.
3. to freeze — Другая, даже более вероятная возможность заклю-чается в замораживании всех выплат.
4. to be returned — Ожидалось, что золото будет возвращено вла-дельцам по требованию.
5. to be chartered — Первым банком, получившим лицензию от но-вого федерального правительства, был Банк Соединенных Штатов Америки, основанный в Филадельфии в 1791 г.
6. to charter — Законом о национальных банках (1864) устанавли-вался орган — контролер денежного обращения для выдачи лицен-зии национальным банкам, которые могли выпускать национальные банкноты.
7. to forestall, to meet — Законом о федеральной резервной систе-ме (1913) создана централизованная резервная система, которая действовала как последний кредитор в критической ситуации для предупреждения банковских кризисов и позволяла иметь больше «резиновых денег» (денежная система без золотого содержания) для удовлетворения нужд экономики.
8. to enable — Новая Всемирная торговая организация учредила Совет по урегулированию разногласий (СУР), чтобы страны-участницы могли разрешить торговые споры.
9. to remove, to unify — Европейское экономическое сообщество (ЕЭС) было основано в 1958 г. Римским договором с целью устранения торговых и экономических барьеров между странами-участницами и объединения их экономической политики.
10. to support — Он недавно женился второй раз и сейчас у него двое приемных детей, которых нужно содержать.
11. to push — Это помогло снизить уровень безработицы.
12. to be conducted — Экономически разумно вести мировую тор-говлю в нескольких валютах.
№ 4. Постройте предложения, выбрав соответствующий порядок слов.
a. The company plans to invest $1.2 bn (£755 m) into 12 wells over the next three years.
b. This commercial discovery is going to transform the region.
c. Cairn is the first company to explore the area.
d. ExxonMobil and Chevron have licences to drill in the region.
e. What can the Board do to end the cycle of bad news?
f. The measures were not enough to reassure the bond markets.
g. Consumer spending has already begun to slump.
h. This is not a problem to ignore.
i. The management decided to launch another phase of production process.
g. The Committee members want to gain a clearer picture of the economy.
k. Can we afford not to spend on big infrastructure projects?
l. His job was to manage taxpayers' investments.
№ 5. Заполните предложения, выбрав соответствующий инфинитив
1. The report includes the requirement for British Airlines Association to sell Edinburgh and Glasgow airports.
2. Our intention now is to work with the company to implement these measures in the interests of the travelling public.
3. It is not hard to see the motivation for oil exporters to move away from the dollar.
4. China is going to make a significant loss if the value of the dollar falls.
5. Virtually everyone traded with America, so it made sense to use their currency.
6. We need to understand that exchange rate volatility is a symptom, rather than a cause, of what truly ails the world economy.
7. The biggest driver of global economic instability in recent years has been the determination of China to boost its export sector at all costs.
Конструкции с инфинитивом
№ 1. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на особенности перевода инфинитивной конструкции Complex Object
1. Я ожидаю, что мою сестру повысят в должности, как только она закончит институт.
2. Менеджер хотел, чтобы я разработал план открытия нового рынка. 3. Эксперты считают, что рынок изменился после кризиса. 4. Потребители предполагали, что цены понизятся.
5. Для того чтобы выгодно продать облигации, правительству необходимо, чтобы их оценили на сумму более 35 млрд.
6. В банке «Митчелл», основанном в густонаселенном латинском квартале в Милуокки, приняли дружественную по отношению к им-мигрантам политику в конце 1990‑х и затем наблюдали, как в бан-ке процветал бизнес.
7. Активность в сообществе позволяет организации связывать-ся с тысячами иммигрантов, имеющими финансовое образование и работающими в сфере финансовых услуг.
8. «Мы не можем позволить, чтобы это случилось снова», – ска-зал Макинтош.
9. «Мы берем 10 студентов и фактически предоставляем им воз-можность руководить отраслью», — сказал Джеймс Малони, пре-зидент 100‑летнего банка.
№ 2. Раскройте скобки, используя инфинитив (обратите внимание на необходимость использования частицы to)
1. We expect house prices to trend down relatively gradually over the final months of 2010 and in 2011 to lose around 10% in value.
2. Men can see their life insurance premiums come down, as generally they pay more than women because of shorter life expectancy.
3. China holds approximately $3 trillion in dollar assets, so it cannot afford to see the dollar collapse.
4. America needs China to buy her Treasury bills; and China needs America to buy her exports.
5. Females see their annuity income fall to subsidize the higher pension benefits.
6. The countries want this transition to take place gradually over the next decade.
№ 3. Cоставьте предложения, выбрав соответствующий порядок слов
1. We ask them to deliver goods.
2. Nobody knew the parties to have signed the Contract.
3. The General Director wants the Sales Manager to solve the problem with the customer.
4. I never saw the prices rise so quickly.
5. We'd like the documents to be delivered next week.
6. The managers let the agent deal with the problem of distribution channels.
7. They didn't expect the Company to open a new market.
№ 4. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на особенности перевода инфинитивной конструкции Complex Subject
1. Ожидается, что финансовые проблемы, которые сейчас многие испытывают, в ближайшее время не станут легче.
2. Вероятно, мы будем по-прежнему наблюдать рекордное коли-чество людей, приближающихся к уровню неплатежеспособности в течение 2011 г.
3. Рентный рынок выглядит особенно слабым и, вероятно, оста-нется таким в течение следующего года.
4. Казалось, он обещал более ответственное правительство во вре-мя своей инаугурации.
5. Сделайте так, чтобы клиенты могли быстро и легко делать за-казы, поскольку вероятно, что сайт со сложным процессом продажи потеряет клиентов.
6. Ожидается, что больше людей столкнется с перспективой бан-кротства в течение ближайших месяцев.
№ 5. Перефразируйте предложения по модели, используя инфинитивные конструкции
Модель: Both Presidents are said to be extremely happy with thedeal. — Both Presidents are said to have been extremely happy with the deal.
1. Rents are likely to have been under pressure for some time. 2. The major divergences in regulatory policies are unlikely to have
Disappeared.
3. Among immigrants, Mexicans are most likely to have been unbanked.
4. China seems to have been the most enthusiastic of all the financial powers involved in the process.
5. A further depreciation of the currency is likely to have occurred last year.
6. The recent announcement was originally thought to have had the biggest impact on car insurance.
№ 6. Перефразируйте предложения по модели, используя инфинитивную конструкцию Complex Subject
Модель: They say, traces of gas and oil are found in this region. —
Traces of gas and oil are said to be found in this region.1. Greenland's icy coastal waters are estimated to hold as much as
50 billion barrels of oil and gas.
2. Drilling is not expected to start for another three years. 3. Three licences are expected to be awarded imminently. 4. The President is expected to outline his strategy.
5. The consumer environment is likely to become much tougher. 6. Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) is supposed to tackle high
inflation and support the economy.
7. The rates are not likely to rise for many months.
8. More details on today's rates decision and the Committee voting result are reported to be made public.
9. The November meeting is likely to be a key event.
10. A low level of mortgages approved for house purchase is thought to be consistent with a stable market.
Герундий
№ 1. Переведите предложения на русский язык. Определите функцию герундия в предложении
1. Это очевидный выбор: принять сокращение в зарплате или по-терять работу. losing — дополнение.
2. Они приняли сокращение зарплаты приблизительно на 200 дол-ларов в неделю, сократив часы работы. reducing — обстоятельство.
3. Приняв временное снижение зарплаты до конца марта, мы сни-зили количество сокращений штата с 510 до 178. taking — обстоя‑
тельство.
4. Компании, которые выигрывают за счет сотрудников во время этого спада, рискуют потерять их в период, когда экономика станет выздоравливать. seeing — определение.
5. Правительство рассматривает вопрос о компенсации сотруд-никам. compensating — дополнение.
6. Инвесторы потратили много времени, раздражаясь по пово-ду увеличения стоимости поддержки ирландских банков. bailing out — определение.
7. Данные Галифакса показывают самое сильное падение еже-месячных показателей с того момента, как группа начала собирать данные в 1983 г. compiling — дополнение.
8. Остаются надежды на то, что сентябрьское падение отзовется на рынке повышением активности через попытку вернуть покупате-лей, пока процентные ставки остаются на предельно низком уровне. tempting — обстоятельство.
9. Компания Highstar Capital надеется получить £200 млн от про-дажи своей доли. selling — дополнение/обстоятельство.
10. Существует риск усиления разделения между Китаем и США в сфере влияния и нефтяной промышленности на Ближнем Востоке. deepening — определение.
11. Бразилия наряду с Индией продемонстрировала заинтересо-ванность в сотрудничестве с применением недолларовой валюты при платежах в нефтяной сфере. collaborating — определение.
12. Использование одной валюты имеет единственное преиму-щество
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