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acquired immune deficiency syndrome
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acquired immune deficiency syndrome
Phonetic exercise: infectious [in’fek∫ ə s], bacteria [bæ k’tiə riə ], various [‘vε ə riə s], strains [streinz], chronic [‘kr 
nik], deficiency [di’fi∫ ə nsi], through [’θ ru: ]
Make a report on AIDS according to the plan below:
Definition: a disease of the human immune system.
Causess: the human immunodeficiency virus.
Transmission: through direct contact of a mucous membrane or the bloodstream with a bodily fluid containing HIV, such as blood, semen, vaginal fluid, preseminal fluid, and breast milk; through vaginal or oral sex, blood transfusion, contaminated hypodermic needles, exchange between mother and baby during pregnancy, childbirth, breastfeeding or other exposure to one of the above bodily fluids. Epidemiology: AIDS is now a pandemic. In 2010, it was estimated that 33. 2 million people lived with the disease worldwide, and that AIDS killed an estimated 2. 1 million people, including 330, 000 children. Over three-quarters of these deaths occurred in sub-Saharan Africa.
Treatment and prevention: currently no known cure or vaccine.
MICROORGANISMS
Bacteria
Phonetic exercise: microorganisms [maikrə u’o: gə nizmz], bacteriology [bæ k, tiə ri’olə d3i], microbiology [, maikrə ubai’olə d3i], pathogenic [, pæ θ ə u’d3enik], beneficial [, beni’fi∫ iə l], spheres [‘sfiə z], spirals [‘spaiə rə lz], tetanus [‘tetə nə s], typhoid [‘taifoid], fever [‘fi: və ], diphtheria [dif’θ iə riə ], ulcer [‘Λ lsə ], anthrax [‘æ nθ ræ ks], leprosy [‘leprə si], plague [pleig], tuberculosis [tju:, bə: kjə ’lə usis], antibiotics [, æ nti’baiotiks]
Make a report on bacteria according to the plan below:
Definition: a large group of single-celled microorganisms.
The study of bacteria: bacteriology, a branch of microbiology.
Discovery: Bacteria were first observed by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 1676, using a single-lens microscope of his own design.
The length: a few micrometers. Concentration: 40 million bacterial cells in a gram of soil and a million bacterial cells in a millilitre of fresh water.
Groups of bacteria: pathogenic and beneficial.
Shapes of bacteria: spheres, rods and spirals.
Pathogenic bacteria: diseases: tetanus, typhoid fever, diphtheria, foodborne illness, peptic ulcer disease, syphilis, anthrax, leprosy, bubonic plague (бубонная чума), respiratory infections, bacterial pneumonia, tuberculosis alone killing about 2 million people a year.
Treatment of bacterial infections: antibiotics.
Beneficial bacteria: production of cheese and yogurt through fermentation, as well as in biotechnology, and the manufacture of antibiotics and other chemicals.
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VIRUSES
Phonetic exercise: viruses [‘vaiə rə siz], viral [‘vaiə rə l], influenza [, influ’enzə ], flue [flu: ], rubella [ru’belə ], measles [‘mi: zlz], mumps [mΛ mps]
Make a report on viruses according to the plan below:
Definition: a small infectious agent that can replicate only inside the living cells of organisms. Number of kinds of viruses: about 5, 000 viruses have been described in detail. The study of viruses: virology, a sub-speciality of microbiology.
Size: much smaller than bacteria. Diameter of a virus: between 10 and 300 nanometres.
Common viral diseases: influenza (flu), common cold, rubella, measles, mumps, bronchitis, viral pneumonia, viral hepatitis, viral memingitis, tick-borne encephalitis, chicken pox, etc.
PARASITES
Phonetic exercise: parasite [‘pæ rə saits], malaria [mə ’leə riə ], scabies [‘skeibi: z]
Make a report on parasites according to the plan below:
Ectoparasites: live on the surface of the host. Epiparasite: a parasite that feeds on another parasite. Parasitoids: organisms whose development occurs inside or on the surface of another organism, resulting in the death of the host.
Parasitic diseases: echinococcosis, Lyme disease, malaria, pediculosis, scabies.
FUNGI
Phonetic exercise: yeasts [‘ji: sts], molds [mə uldz], pathogenic [, pæ θ ə u’d3enik], fungus [‘fΛ ŋ gə s], fungi [‘fΛ ŋ gai]
Make a report on viruses according to the plan below:
Definitions of fungi or funguses: a large group of organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds. Pathogenic fungi: fungi that cause disease in humans or other organisms. Parasitic diseases: fungal pneumonia, meningitis, histoplasmosis. Beneficial use of fungi: industrial production of antibiotics, vitamins, and anti-cancer and cholesterol-lowering drugs.
INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Influenza
Phonetic exercise: infectious [in‘fek∫ ə s], infections [in‘fek∫ ə nz], virus [‘vaiə rə s], viral [‘vaiə rə l], cough [ko: f], throat [θ rə ut], severe [si’viə ], discomfort [dis’kΛ mfə t], asthma [‘æ smə, ‘æ sθ mə, ‘æ zmə ]
Make a report on influenza according to the plan below:
Definition: an infectious disease caused by RNA viruses of the family Orthomyxoviridae (the influenza viruses), that affects birds and mammals.
Signs and symptoms: chills, fever, sore throat, muscle pains, severe headache, coughing, weakness/fatigue and general discomfort, nasal congestion, body aches, especially joints and throat, irritated, watering eyes, reddened eyes, skin (especially face), mouth, throat and nose, nausea and vomiting, particularly in children.
Risk groups: children, the elderly, asthmatics, diabetics or in people who have asthma, diabetes, people with heart disease, immuno-compromised people.
Transmission: through the air by coughs or sneezes.
Mobidity and mortality rates: between 250, 000 and 500, 000 people every year, up to millions in some pandemic years. According to the World Health Organization: " Every winter, tens of millions of people get the flu. Most are only ill and out of work for a week, yet the elderly are at a higher risk of death from the illness…” Influenza reaches peak prevalence in winter. Approximately 36, 000 deaths and more than 200, 000 hospitalizations are directly associated with influenza every year in the United States.
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Treatment: Antiviral drugs can be used to treat influenza, with neuraminidase inhibitors being particularly effective.
Prevention: Vaccinations against influenza are usually made available to people in developed countries.
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