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The skin. Psoriasis
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THE SKIN
Phonetic exercise: Integumentary [in, tegjumentə ri], epidermis [, epi’d 
: mis], dermis [’d : mis], hypodermis [, haipə ’d : mis], components [kə m’pə unə nts], sweat [swet], melanocytes [‘melə nə saits], dermatitis [, d : mə ‘tatis], psoriasis [(p)sə ‘raiə sis], eczema [ek’simə ]
Make a report on the skin according to the plan below:
Definition: the outer covering of the body.
Functions: protection; sensation; heat regulation; control of evaporation; aesthetics, communication; storage, synthesis; excretion; absorption; water resistance.
Structure: three primary layers: the epidermis, the dermis, the hypodermis.
The main components: sweat glands, blood vessels, melanocytes, and nerve endings.
The average square inch (6. 5 sqare cm): 650 sweat glands, 20 blood vessels, 60, 000 melanocytes, 1, 000 nerve endings.
Size: the largest organ of the integumentary system; the surface area: 1. 5-2. 0 square meters; the thickness: 2–3 mm.
The most common diseases: different types of dermatitis, psoriasis, skin cancer, etc.
PSORIASIS
Phonetic execise: psoriasis [(p)sə ‘raiə sis], epidermis [, epi’d : mis], dermis [’d : mis], hypodermis [, haipə ’d : mis], dermatitis [, d : mə ‘tatis], eczema [‘eksimə ], relapsing [ri’læ psiŋ ], contagious [kə n’teid3ə s], prevalence [‘prevə lə ns], occurrence [ə ’kΛ rə ns; ə ’k : rə ns], genetic [d3ə ’netik, d3i’netik], environmental [in, vaiə rə n’mentl], chronic [kr 
nik], autoimmune [, : tə ui’mju: n], pustular [‘pΛ stjulə ], seborrheic [seb : ’ri: ik], hypotheses [, hai’p θ ə sis], hereditary [hi’reditə ri, hə ’reditə ri], biopsy [‘bai psi], target [‘t 
git], moisturizers [‘m ist∫ ə raizə z], plaques [pla: ks, plæ ks], analogue [‘æ nə l g, ‘æ nə l : g, ‘æ nə l g], ultraviolet [, Λ ltrə ‘vaiə lə t, , Λ ltrə ‘vaiə lit], alternative [ : l’tə: nə tiv], vegetarian [, ved3i’tə eriə n], ichthyotherapy [, ikθ i ’θ erə pi]
Make a report on psoriasis according to the plan below:
Definition: a chronic, autoimmune disease that appears on the skin.
Epidemiology: Psoriasis affects both sexes equally and can occur at any age, although it most commonly appears for the first time between the ages of 15 and 25 years. The prevalence of psoriasis in Western populations is estimated to be around 2-3%.
Classification: nonpustular and pustular types.
Nonpustular psoriasis: most common form of psoriasis. It affects 80 to 90% of people with psoriasis.
Pustular psoriasis: appears as raised bumps that are filled with non-infectious pus (pustules).
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Additional types of psoriasis: drug-induced psoriasis, inverse psoriasis, napkin psoriasis, seborrheic-like psoriasis, guttate psoriasis, nail psoriasis, etc.
Symptoms, signs, clinical manifestations, clinical features: plaques.
Causes: The cause of psoriasis is not fully understood. Two main hypotheses: excessive growth and reproduction of skin cells; an immune-mediated disorder in which the excessive reproduction of skin cells is secondary to factors produced by the immune system.
Genetic factors: Psoriasis has a large hereditary component, and many genes are associated with it, but it is not clear how those genes work together.
Immunological factors: In psoriasis, immune cells move from the dermis to the epidermis, where they stimulate skin cells (keratinocytes) to proliferate.
Diagnosis: examination ofthe appearance of the skin; skin biopsy, or scraping, may be needed to rule out other disorders and to confirm the diagnosis.
Management: medications: new, highly effective targeted therapies, several monoclonal antibodies (MABs) target cytokines; cognitive behaviour therapy: psychological symptom management; topical treatment: bath solutions and moisturizers, mineral oil, petroleum jelly; medicated creams and ointments applied directly to psoriatic plaques; activated vitamin D and its analogues; phototherapy: ultraviolet light treatment; photochemotherapy; systemic treatment: medications that are taken internally by pill or injection: cyclosporine and retinoids; alternative therapy: changes in diet and lifestyle: fasting periods, low energy diets and vegetarian diets, diets rich in fatty acids from fish oil, lifestyle habits related to alcohol, smoking, weight, sleep, stress and exercise; climatotherapy: The Dead Sea is one of the most popular locations for this type of treatment; ichthyotherapy: doctor fish are encouraged to feed on the psoriatic skin of people with psoriasis. The fish, which live in outdoor pools, only consume the affected areas of the skin.
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