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The Infinitive; the Infinitive Constructions
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Vocabulary
ability (n.) – способность
according to – согласно
acknowledge (v.) – признавать
agree (v.) – соглашаться
angle (n.) – угол
announce (v.) – объявлять, провозглашать
arrange (v.) – расставлять, классифицировать, систематизировать
be made up (v.) – состоять из
begin (began, begun) (v.) – начинать
bend (bent, bent) (v.) – гнуть, сгибать
cellar (n.) – подвал
complete (adj.) – полный
complicated (adj.) – сложный
describe (v.) – описывать
development (n.) – развитие
disastrous (adj.) – пагубный, гибельный
dispose of (v.) – раcполагать (чем-либо)
empty (adj.) – пустой
extension (n.) – распространение, расширение
faith (n.) – вера
fall (fell, fallen) (v.) – падать
find (found, found) (v.) – находить
follow (v.) – следовать
found (v.) – основывать
heavy (adj.) – тяжелый
honour (n.) – честь
huge (adj.) – огромный
impetus (n.) – стимул, импульс, толчок
inclination (n.) – склонность, предпочтение
leave (left, left) (v.) – оставлять, покидать
lightning (n.) – молния
lightning rod – громоотвод
maintain (v.) – поддерживать, сохранять
means (n.) – средство, средства
miraculous (adj.) – чудодейственный, сверхъестественный
objection (n.) – возражение
obtain (v.) – получать
ordinary (adj.) – обычный
pass (v.) – проходить
phenomenon (n.) – явление
posses (v.) – обладать
power (n.) – сила, энергия, мощность
prove (v.) – доказывать
quantum mechanics – квантовая механика
ray (n.) – луч
rejection (n.) – отказ, непринятие
research (n.) – исследование
society (n.) – общество
solve (v.) – решать
weight (n.) – вес
workshop (n.) – мастерская
I. Read and translate the text.
A Few Facts from the History of Science and Experimental Research
The word ‘science’ seems to possess miraculous power. ‘If you are told ‘science’, then agree without any objection’, this is the statement of a well-known French physicist L. Brillouin describing the role of science in the life of society today, the faith in the ability of science to provide an answer to any question and to solve the most complicated problem. Constant production of new ideas, extension of our knowledge of nature, and rejection of established ideas are thought to be part of the normal development of science.
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I. Newton (1642 – 1727), the great English scientist, performed many experiments in his early years. According to Newton himself, his first physical experiment was carried out in 1658 when he was sixteen years old. Newton performed many experiments with light and found that white light was made up of rays of different colours and that each particular kind of coloured ray was differently bent when it fell on a glass surface at the angle. By the time he was 25, Newton had formed all his main thoughts on gravitation and the main ideas of his ‘Optics’.
B. Franklin (1706 – 1790) is acknowledged to be the founder of the theory of atmospheric electricity. At the time when theories explaining electricity were neither complete nor well founded he began to experiment, and proved the lightning to be an electrical phenomenon. He finally invented the lightning rod — means of protection against the disastrous effects of lightning.
T. Edison (1847 – 1931), well known throughout the world, began to experiment when he was ten or eleven years of age, his inclination being towards chemistry. As he had no laboratory he used for his experiments the ordinary cellar of the house. Many years had passed before he could dispose of laboratories and workshops of his own, that were to become huge research centres employing hundreds of people and maintaining contacts with world-known scientists and inventors. Realizing the importance of electric illumination, Edison developed the first power station in the world. In 1882 it started to supply Manhattan in New York with electricity.
N. Bohr (1885 – 1962), the great Danish physicist, went to work at Rutherford's laboratory in Manchester in 1912. Working at this laboratory he is known to create his model of the atom. His model gave the impetus to the development of quantum mechanics.
In 1869 the great Russian scientist Dmitri Mendeleyev (1834 – 1907) announced the discovery of the Periodic Law of elements. So science received the key to the secrets of matter. All the greatest discoveries which have been made since then in the fields of chemistry and physics have been based on this law.
The elements in Mendeleyev's Periodic Table follow one another in the order of their atomic weights. They are arranged in periods and groups. Mendeleyev's discovery made it possible for the scientists to find 38 new chemical elements to fill the empty spaces left in the Periodic Table. At the same time they tried to find elements heavier than the last element in the Periodic Table. In 1955 the American scientist Dr. Glenn Seabord obtained element № 101 and named it Mendelevium in honour of the creator of the Periodic Law.
II. Read the following international words and give their Russian equivalents.
Role, to provide, constant, gravitation, optics, phenomenon,
protection, ordinary, mechanics, periodic.
III. Match synonyms. Make the sentences with them and ask partners to translate them.
| 1. to perform | a. to obtain |
| 2. to found | b. to invent |
| 3. to receive | c. to carry out |
| 4. to create | d. to have |
| 5. to possess | e. to establish |
IV. Fill the gaps with the right word. Translate the sentences into Russian.
A) there/their
1. They tried to express … point of view.
2. … is, however, another view.
B) here/hear
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1. You have to sign ….
2. Do you … me?
C) right/write
1. Do not … on both sides of the paper.
2. I hope you know the difference between … and wrong.
D) for/four
1. It will take them more than … hours to carry out this test.
2. We have dealt with these problems … many years.
E) by/buy
1. Hydrogen was substituted … oxygen.
2. Now you can … and sell shares on the Internet.
F) weather/whether
1. … or not this reaction will take place is not known yet.
2. Unsettled … will continue through the weekend.
V. Complete the collocation by matching a verb on the left with a noun on the right. Make sentences with them.
| 1. to employ | a. contacts |
| 2. to give | b. an answer |
| 3. to solve | c. an impetus |
| 4. to maintain | d. people |
| 5. to provide | e. problems |
VI. Complete the following sentences. Ask your partners to translate them.
1. The elements in the Periodic Table are arranged…
2. N. Bohr’s model of the atom gave the impetus…
3. I. Newton found that white light was made up…
4. B. Franklin invented…
5. T. Edison began…
VII. Answer the following questions to the text.
1. What did Newton discover?
2. Who invented the lightning rod?
3. What did Edison develop?
4. Who invented the model of the atom?
5. What is the main idea of Mendeleev’s Periodic Table?
VIII. Look at the text and read the paragraph containing the following information.
1. The ideas of gravitation were formed in the 1660s.
2. Quantum mechanics is based on Bohr’s model of the atom.
3. The lightning was proved to be an electrical phenomenon.
4. It was possible to find new chemical elements with the help of the Periodic Table.
Unit 17
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