Проверьте, как вы запомнили слова.

4.1. Переведите следующие слова, исходя из значений, приведенных в скобках:

1. countless а (бесчисленный), count v; 2. originally adv (первоначально), origin n;3. distribute v (распределять), dis­tribution n; 4. view n (обзор), view v; 5. accomplishment n (вы­полнение), accomplish v; 6. recording n (запись), record v; 7. se­quent а (последующий), sequence n;8. storage n (хранение), store v; 9. average а (средний), average v; 10. entirely adv (пол­ностью), entire a; 11. issue n (номер, выпуск), issue v; 12. inter­pretation n (трактовка), interpret v; 13. flexible а (гибкий), flexibility n; 14. implement v (выполнять), implementation n; 15. distinguish v (отличать), distinguishable a; 16. facilities n (сред­ства выполнения работы), facilitate v; 17. fail v (отказать), failure n; 18. currently adv (в настоящее время), current a; 19. error n (ошибка), erroneous a

 

4.2. Определите значения английских слов, исходя из контекста:

1. компьютеры — complicated машины; 2. человек всегда attempts познать environment; 3. обрабатывать большие amounts of информации; 4. компьютер previously использо­вался для counting; 5. компьютеры monitor производствен­ными процессами; 6. в наши дни объем памяти компьюте­ра is spectacular; 7. transactions научного общества будут опубликованы; 8. regardless of размера и назначения компь­ютер состоит из; 9. информация is fed или выводится через input-output ports; 10. to issue команды в калдгую систему; 11. старая технология была labelled SSI; 12. to implement доволь­но простые функции; 13. to fail выполнить задачу из-за не­хватки; 14. операция consumes много времени

 

4.3. Переведите следующие слова. Обратите внимание на значения префиксов extra- — вне, не-; trans- — за-, через-, транс-, по ту сторону; со- —вместе; fore-—перед, заранее; рrе- - до, пред; post- - после.

extra-: extraordinary a, extrasensory a, extraterrestrial a

trans-: transaction n, transatlantic a, transform v

со-: coexist v, coauthor n, cooperate v

fore-: foresee v, foretell v, foregoing a, forerun v, foremost a

pre-: preheat v, predetermine v, prehistoric а

post-: postwar a, postdate v, post-graduate n

 

Обсудите содержание текста.

4.4. Просмотрите текст еще раз (I часть). Ответьте на вопросы, используя информацию текста:

1. What is the origin of the word computer? 2. What were the first computers intended for? 3. What kind of a machine is the computer? 4. Why has man made extensive use of the computer? 5. What are the similarities of the computer with human brain? 6. What does the computer do in science, in commerce, in industry and in government? 7. Why do we widely use the computer in spite of its high cost? 8. What can you say about the speed and the capacity of computer's memory? 9. What do you know about the architecture of the computer? 10. What's the function of the input-output ports? punch cards? magnetic tapes? terminals? the central processing unit? 11. What can you say about the 1960's advances in microelectronics? 12. What is a microprocessor? 13. What technology is called MSI, LSI, VLSI, VHSIC?

 

4.5. Обобщите информацию, данную в тексте (I часть).

 

4.6. Просмотрите вторую часть (П) Основного текста. Сообщите, что вы узнали о:

1. high-level languages; 2. assembler languages; 3. man-ma­chine interaction; 4. personal computers; 5. different communica­tion modalities; 6. active information systems; 7. data reliability, 8. microprocessor and its abilities

 

4.7. Сделайте аннотацию второй части (П) Основного текста на английском языке.

 

Проверьте, умеете ли вы переводить указанные средст­ва выражения обстоятельств.

 

4.8. Переведите речевые отрезки, в которых обстоя­тельство выражено:

1. инфинитивом:

а) 1. То manufacture silicon micrptircuits well-defined speci­fications should be observed; 2. To improve the resistance and delay times the designer pays attention to

б) 1. In order to diffuse the semiconductor crystal we add; 2. In order to obtain pure silicon it is necessary

в) 1. so as to make the diode conduct; 2. so as to substitute dopant atoms for semiconductor atoms

2. причастием I.

а) 1. When depositing the material care should be taken; 2. When inserting an atom into the silicon lattice we create

б) 1. While processing the data the computer makes; 2. While comparing the circumstances they noticed that

в) 1. Processing a wafer of silicon we used; 2. Having pro­cessed a wafer of silicon we used; 3. Transferring an electron to the impurity atom an adjacent atom fills the hole; 4. Having transferred an electron the adjacent atom creates a new hole

г) 1. Being protected by surface layer of silicon dioxide the adjacent areas can block; 2. Being exposed to diffusion the micro­scopic regions can be defined

3. причастием II:

а) 1. When cooled the metal provides; 2. When etched the sili­con dioxide demands

б) 1. If doped with phosphorus or other pentivalent element silicon is called; 2. If coated with a photosensitive organic com­pound the surface of the silicon dioxide can change

в) 1. Although accepted for different purposes the computers have the same; 2. Although used for etching an acid can be applied to

г) 1. Viewed from space the Earth seems; 2. Based on reactive gas plasma technology the semiconductor industry can

д) 1. As previously pointed there exist two lines of de­velopment; 2. As already stated, oxygen concentration influences many silicon wafer properties.

4. герундием:

а) 1. In obtaining the possibility of change the designer can face; 2. On obtaining the possibility of change the designer could attack

б) 1. With forming high frequency transistors and integrated circuits the engineers could; 2. Without forming high frequency transistors and integrated circuits the engineers could not; 3. By doping the semiconductor we can

в) 1. In spite of being charged the particles can be used to; 2. In addition to creating insulating areas oxidation offers a practical method for growing silicon oxides at low temperatures.

5. словом as и его сочетаниями:

1. as a result of advances; 2. as an example of innovation; 3. as a consequence of the deposition of thin films; 4. as a matter of fact a semiconductor is intermediate between insulators and conduc­tors; 5. as far as the ulterior of the crystal is concerned; 6. as far as they use poor conductors; 7. as long as oxidation has been a key­stone process of silicon device technology they, 8. as soon as plasma etching was used they, 9. as much as possible; 10. as thinas possible; 11. such as; 12. as follows; 13. as distinguished from the tube

 

Учитесь читать.

Текст 4.1. Прочитайте текст. Скажите, что вы узнали о: speed of the computer, hardware, video display, key board, the major piece of hardware. Прочитайте текст еще раз. Озаглавьте его.

A computer is nothing more than a collection of circuits that do a few simple tasks, one at a time. The key is the speed at which these circuits operate and signals that control the flow of electric­ity through the circuits.

So, how about a tour in the computer jungle? We start with a look at the hardware itself. The part that looks like a small televi­sion set is called a video display or CRT for cathode ray tube or simply the tube. It actually is a lot like a television set in that it may display several colors or just one.

Next is the keyboard which allows the user to communicate with the computer. It is important that the keys be comfortable.

The last major piece of hardware is the processor and disc storage unit or units. This may be one box or several different boxes.

 

Текст 4.2. Прочитайте текст. Назовите предмет описа­ния. С чем его сравнивают? Какие операции он может вы­полнять?

The Heart of the Computer

The processor is the "brains " of the computer, the location of those fantastically small circuits. Think of it as an overworked adding machine that also can make simple logic decisions.

It can decide that two numbers are equal or not equal, that a certain condition does or does not exist in the circuitry. It can de­cide that things are true or false based on rules the programmer supplies to make that decision. This, combined with the ability to add and subtract at lightning-fast speeds and store the results of these processes, allows the programmer to give step-by-step in­structions to be carried out on command.

 

Текст 4.3. Переведите текст устно без словаря. Время перевода не должно превышать 5 минут. Значения выде­ленных слов вы сможете понять из контекста. Озаглавьте текст.

Although the idea of an automatic computing engine occurred first to Charles Babbage in 1832, it was more than a century later, in 1945, that John von Neumann set out the principles that were to fix the pattern of computer design for the next twenty years. We are now operating third and fourth generation computers, and looking ahead to the fifth, but these are generations marked by evolutionary changes in component technology rather than by rev­olutionary new concepts. Most of today's computers follow the von Neumann model, and probably many of tomorrow's will do so also. In particular, they have a rather rigidly organized store, hold­ing both instructions and data; and, although some overlap of op­erations occurs, in general they tiptoe through their programs in ministeps. There can be no doubt that computers of this kind are powerful, versatile tools; but it would be surprising indeed if one type of machine were to prove equally suitable for all types of problems; and it may be that some problems of practical interest to us are too difficult, or too expensive, to solve on von Neumann machines.

 

Текст 4.4. Переведите текст письменно со словарем. Время перевода не должно превышать 15 минут.

Personal Computer

The first personal computer (PC) was put on the market in 1975.

Today the personal computer can serve as a work station for the individual. Moreover, just as it has become financially feasible to provide a computer for the individual worker, so also technical developments have made the interface between man and machine increasingly "friendly", so that a wide array of computer functions are now accessible to people with no technical background.

A personal computer is a small computer based on a micro­processor; it is a microcomputer. Not all microcomputers, how­ever, are personal computers. A microcomputer can be dedicated to a single task such as controlling a machine tool or metering the

 

с. 99-102???

 

53. residual а остаточный

residual n 1. остаток; 2. разность

residue n 1. остаток; 2. осадок

54. destined а предназначенный

destine v 1. предназначать; 2. назначать

55. currently adv в настоящее время

current a современный, текущий; имеющийся

current n поток, ток

56. superficially adv поверхностно, на первый взгляд superficial а поверхностный, неглубокий

57. outmoded а устаревший

58. intend v 1. намереваться; иметь в виду; 2. предназначать

intended а предполагаемый; предназначенный

59. screen n 1. трафарет; 2. экран; 3. сетка; 4. отбраковка

screen v 1. защищать; маскировать; 2. проверять

screener n установка трафаретной печати

60. image n 1. изображение; 2. отражение; 3. подобие

image v формировать рисунок

to image a pattern onto a wafer переносить рисунок на полупроводниковую пластину

imagery n изображение, рисунок

61. background n 1. фон; 2. основа; 3. подготовка; 4. предпо­сылка, история вопроса

historical background история вопроса

background of experience накопленный опыт

62. behaviour n 1. поведение; 2. режим; 3. характеристика

behave v вести себя

transient behaviour переходный режим

63. apparent a 1. очевидный, явный; 2. наблюдаемый

apparently adv очевидно

64. merge v 1. сливаться, соединяться; 2. поглощать

65. backup л 1. поддержка; 2. резервирование

66. tradeoff n 1. согласование; 2. компромисс; 3. сравнитель­ная оценка; альтернатива

trade off v 1. согласовывать; 2. сопоставлять

trade-off studies сравнительные исследования

67. skill n умение, опыт

skilled a квалифицированный, опытный

skilful а искусный, опытный

68. constitute v 1. составлять; 2. основывать

69. versatility n разносторонность, многогранность

versatile a многосторонний, гибкий; универсальный

70. convenience n удобство

convenient а удобный, подходящий

71. workload n: load n 1. нагрузка; 2. груз

load v загружать

loaded a 1. нагруженный; 2. смонтированный

72. obstacle n препятствие, помеха

73. generation n 1. поколение; 2. порождение; 3. создание, об­разование

generate v 1. порождать; 2. производить, генерировать

generator n 1. генератор; 2. датчик, измерительный пре­образователь

74. remote a 1. отдаленный; 2. действующий на расстоянии, дистанционный

 

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