3.2.1.5. Тепловые нагрузки корпусов 6 страница
Приложение 11. Температурные депрессии водных растворов при атмосферном давлении
Растворенное вещество
| Концентрация раствора, % масс.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| CaCl2
| 0, 9
| 1, 5
| 3, 2
| 4, 5
| 7, 4
| 10, 5
| 14, 3
| 19, 0
| 24, 3
| 30, 0
| 36, 5
| Ca(NO3)2
| 0, 5
| 1, 1
| 1, 8
| 2, 5
| 3, 4
| 4, 3
| 5, 4
| 6, 7
| 8, 3
| 10, 0
| 13, 2
| CuSO4
| 0, 1
| 0, 3
| 0, 4
| 0, 6
| 0, 9
| 1, 3
| 1, 8
| 2, 8
| 4, 1
| -
| -
| KCl
| 0, 5
| 1, 3
| 2, 1
| 3, 3
| 4, 6
| 6, 1
| 8, 0
| -
| -
| -
| -
| KNO3
| 0, 4
| 0, 7
| 1, 2
| 1, 6
| 2, 1
| 2, 7
| 3, 4
| 4, 1
| 5, 0
| 6, 0
| 7, 1
| KOH
| 1, 1
| 2, 4
| 4, 1
| 6, 4
| 9, 5
| 12, 4
| 17, 0
| 23, 6
| 33, 0
| 45, 0
| 60, 4
| K2CO3
| 0, 4
| 0, 8
| 1, 6
| 2, 2
| 3, 2
| 4, 4
| 6, 0
| 8, 0
| 10, 9
| 14, 6
| 19, 0
| MgCl2
| 1, 1
| 2, 4
| 4, 3
| 6, 9
| 10, 5
| 15, 7
| 23, 2
| 32, 7
| -
| -
| -
| NH4Cl
| 0, 8
| 1, 7
| 2, 8
| 4, 1
| 5, 8
| 7, 6
| 9, 6
| 11, 8
| 14, 1
| -
| -
| NH4NO3
| 0, 7
| 1, 4
| 2, 1
| 2, 9
| 3, 7
| 4, 6
| 5, 7
| 6, 9
| 8, 3
| 10, 0
| 11, 8
| (NH4)2SO4
| 0, 3
| 0, 7
| 1, 1
| 1, 6
| 2, 2
| 2, 9
| 3, 7
| 4, 7
| 5, 9
| 7, 7
| -
| NaCl
| 0, 8
| 1, 7
| 3, 1
| 4, 8
| 7, 0
| 9, 6
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| NaNO3
| 0, 5
| 1, 2
| 1, 9
| 2, 7
| 3, 5
| 4, 5
| 5, 6
| 6, 8
| 8, 3
| 10, 1
| 12, 1
| NaOH
| 1, 3
| 2, 9
| 5, 2
| 8, 0
| 11, 5
| 15, 9
| 21, 7
| 28, 0
| 35, 0
| 42, 5
| 50, 7
| Na2SO4
| 0, 3
| 0, 6
| 1, 0
| 1, 6
| 2, 1
| 2, 8
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| Приложение 12. Концентрация насыщенных водных растворов
Растворенное вещество
| Массовая концентрация (% масс. ) при температуре ( )
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| CaCl2
| 0, 373
| 0, 394
| 0, 427
| 0, 500
| 0, 536
| 0, 569
| 0, 578
| 0, 586
| 0, 595
| 0, 604
| 0, 614
| 0, 623
| 0, 633
| 0, 644
| 0, 656
| Ca(NO3)2
| 0, 505
| 0, 536
| 0, 564
| 0, 604
| 0, 662
| 0, 738
| 0, 782
| 0, 782
| 0, 782
| 0, 783
| 0, 784
| 0, 785
| 0, 786
| 0, 788
| 0, 789
| CuSO4
| 0, 125
| 0, 148
| 0, 171
| 0, 200
| 0, 222
| 0, 250
| 0, 286
| 0, 320
| 0, 355
| 0, 391
| 0, 430
| 0, 473
| 0, 516
| 0, 562
| -
| KCl
| 0, 216
| 0, 237
| 0, 254
| 0, 270
| 0, 286
| 0, 299
| 0, 313
| 0, 325
| 0, 338
| 0, 351
| 0, 362
| 0, 375
| 0, 387
| 0, 398
| 0, 407
| KNO3
| 0, 117
| 0, 173
| 0, 240
| 0, 314
| 0, 390
| 0, 461
| 0, 524
| 0, 580
| 0, 628
| 0, 669
| 0, 711
| 0, 746
| 0, 775
| 0, 796
| 0, 815
| KOH
| 0, 492
| 0, 507
| 0, 528
| 0, 558
| 0, 576
| 0, 583
| 0, 595
| 0, 605
| 0, 615
| 0, 627
| 0, 640
| 0, 655
| 0, 673
| 0, 706
| 0, 786
| K2CO3
| 0, 513
| 0, 520
| 0, 525
| 0, 532
| 0, 539
| 0, 548
| 0, 559
| 0, 572
| 0, 583
| 0, 596
| 0, 609
| 0, 625
| 0, 644
| 0, 662
| 0, 685
| MgCl2
| 0, 346
| 0, 349
| 0, 353
| 0, 358
| 0, 365
| 0, 372
| 0, 379
| 0, 388
| 0, 398
| 0, 410
| 0, 422
| 0, 438
| 0, 464
| 0, 486
| 0, 503
| NaCl
| 0, 263
| 0, 264
| 0, 265
| 0, 266
| 0, 268
| 0, 270
| 0, 272
| 0, 274
| 0, 277
| 0, 281
| 0, 284
| 0, 287
| 0, 290
| 0, 293
| 0, 296
| NaNO3
| 0, 422
| 0, 444
| 0, 468
| 0, 490
| 0, 510
| 0, 533
| 0, 554
| 0, 576
| 0, 597
| 0, 619
| 0, 640
| 0, 661
| 0, 681
| 0, 700
| 0, 718
| NaOH
| 0, 296
| 0, 338
| 0, 522
| 0, 543
| 0, 563
| 0, 592
| 0, 635
| 0, 749
| 0, 758
| 0, 765
| 0, 771
| 0, 778
| 0, 784
| 0, 791
| 0, 797
| Na2SO4
| 0, 048
| 0, 091
| 0, 162
| 0, 290
| 0, 328
| 0, 318
| 0, 312
| 0, 306
| 0, 303
| 0, 300
| 0, 298
| 0, 297
| 0, 296
| 0, 296
| 0, 297
| NH4Cl
| 0, 227
| 0, 250
| 0, 271
| 0, 293
| 0, 314
| 0, 335
| 0, 356
| 0, 376
| 0, 396
| 0, 416
| 0, 436
| 0, 456
| 0, 473
| 0, 491
| 0, 507
| NH4NO3
| 0, 543
| 0, 603
| 0, 655
| 0, 702
| 0, 741
| 0, 776
| 0, 808
| 0, 836
| 0, 863
| 0, 888
| 0, 911
| 0, 932
| 0, 950
| 0, 964
| 0, 975
| (NH4)2SO4
| 0, 412
| 0, 421
| 0, 430
| 0, 439
| 0, 448
| 0, 457
| 0, 466
| 0, 475
| 0, 485
| 0, 494
| 0, 504
| 0, 514
| 0, 523
| 0, 532
| 0, 542
|
Приложение 13. Свойства воды на линии насыщения
|
|
3
|
|
|
| μ ·10-4,
| σ ·10-3,
|
|
| 0, 00087
| 1000, 1
| 4, 196
|
| 0, 570
| 15, 18
| 74, 9
| 11, 18
|
| 0, 00123
| 1000, 0
| 4, 189
|
| 0, 578
| 13, 06
| 74, 2
| 9, 47
|
| 0, 00234
| 998, 5
| 4, 183
|
| 0, 596
| 10, 02
| 72, 7
| 7, 03
|
| 0, 00424
| 995, 7
| 4, 181
|
| 0, 615
| 7, 981
| 71, 2
| 5, 42
|
| 0, 00738
| 992, 0
| 4, 181
|
| 0, 632
| 6, 540
| 69, 6
| 4, 32
|
| 0, 01233
| 987, 8
| 4, 183
|
| 0, 646
| 5, 477
| 67, 9
| 3, 54
|
| 0, 01992
| 982, 9
| 4, 186
|
| 0, 657
| 4, 670
| 66, 2
| 2, 98
|
| 0, 03116
| 977, 7
| 4, 192
|
| 0, 665
| 4, 042
| 64, 5
| 2, 55
|
| 0, 04736
| 971, 8
| 4, 199
|
| 0, 670
| 3, 545
| 62, 7
| 2, 22
|
| 0, 07011
| 965, 4
| 4, 207
|
| 0, 674
| 3, 145
| 60, 8
| 1, 96
|
| 0, 1013
| 958, 4
| 4, 218
|
| 0, 677
| 2, 819
| 58, 9
| 1, 76
|
| 0, 1433
| 950, 9
| 4, 231
|
| 0, 679
| 2, 549
| 57, 0
| 1, 59
|
| 0, 1691
| 947, 0
| 4, 238
|
| 0, 679
| 2, 430
| 56, 0
| 1, 52
|
| 0, 1985
| 942, 9
| 4, 246
|
| 0, 680
| 2, 322
| 55, 0
| 1, 45
|
| 0, 2321
| 938, 8
| 4, 255
|
| 0, 681
| 2, 222
| 54, 0
| 1, 39
|
| 0, 2701
| 934, 5
| 4, 264
|
| 0, 681
| 2, 129
| 52, 9
| 1, 33
|
| 0, 3131
| 930, 2
| 4, 274
|
| 0, 682
| 2, 044
| 51, 9
| 1, 28
|
| 0, 3614
| 925, 8
| 4, 285
|
| 0, 682
| 1, 964
| 50, 9
| 1, 23
|
| 0, 4155
| 921, 2
| 4, 296
|
| 0, 682
| 1, 890
| 49, 8
| 1, 19
|
| 0, 4760
| 916, 6
| 4, 309
|
| 0, 682
| 1, 821
| 48, 7
| 1, 15
|
| 0, 5433
| 911, 8
| 4, 322
|
| 0, 682
| 1, 757
| 47, 7
| 1, 11
|
| 0, 6180
| 907, 0
| 4, 336
|
| 0, 681
| 1, 697
| 46, 6
| 1, 08
|
| 0, 7008
| 902, 1
| 4, 351
|
| 0, 680
| 1, 641
| 45, 5
| 1, 05
|
| 0, 7920
| 897, 1
| 4, 368
|
| 0, 679
| 1, 588
| 44, 4
| 1, 02
|
| 0, 9000
| 891, 7
| 4, 387
|
| 0, 678
| 1, 535
| 43, 2
| 0, 99
|
| 1, 0030
| 886, 8
| 4, 404
|
| 0, 676
| 1, 493
| 42, 2
| 0, 97
|
| 1, 2550
| 876, 1
| 4, 445
|
| 0, 671
| 1, 408
| 40, 0
| 0, 93
|
| 1, 5550
| 864, 8
| 4, 493
|
| 0, 665
| 1, 334
| 37, 7
| 0, 90
|
Приложение 14. Свойства водных растворов
Раствор CaCl2
Физический параметр
| % масс.
| Температура, º С
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Плотность
| 5
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 10
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 15
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 20
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 30
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 40
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Динамическая
вязкость
| 5
| 1, 125
| 0, 775
| 0, 525
| 0, 39
| 0, 31
| 0, 26
| 0, 207
| 0, 178
| 10
| 1, 28
| 0, 91
| 0, 589
| 0, 44
| 0, 35
| 0, 276
| 0, 221
| 0, 195
| 15
| 1, 54
| 1, 07
| 0, 715
| 0, 51
| 0, 41
| 0, 326
| 0, 272
| 0, 230
| 20
| 1, 94
| 1, 3
| 0, 88
| 0, 62
| 0, 49
| 0, 395
| 0, 328
| 0, 278
| 30
| 3, 5
| 2, 38
| 1, 52
| 1, 08
| 0, 83
| 0, 662
| 0, 541
| 0, 453
| 40
| 6, 66
| 4, 6
| 3, 43
| 2, 5
| 1, 96
| 1, 57
| 1, 27
| 1, 08
|
Теплоемкость
| 5
| 3, 97
| 3, 94
| 3, 93
| 3, 96
| 3, 98
| 4, 03
| 4, 02
| 4, 07
| 10
| 3, 78
| 3, 75
| 3, 76
| 3, 78
| 3, 80
| 3, 83
| 3, 78
| 3, 84
| 15
| 3, 6
| 3, 57
| 3, 56
| 3, 58
| 3, 59
| 3, 63
| 3, 53
| 3, 59
| 20
| 3, 115
| 3, 15
| 3, 17
| 3, 185
| 3, 22
| 3, 27
| 3, 33
| 3, 39
| 30
| 2, 77
| 2, 81
| 2, 84
| 2, 86
| 2, 90
| 2, 96
| 3, 02
| 3, 09
| 40
| 2, 515
| 2, 55
| 2, 58
| 2, 605
| 2, 675
| 2, 785
| 2, 885
| 2, 996
|
Теплопроводность
| 5
| 0, 596
| 0, 625
| 0, 649
| 0, 664
| 0, 675
| 0, 684
| 0, 680
| 0, 676
| 10
| 0, 590
| 0, 618
| 0, 643
| 0, 659
| 0, 670
| 0, 681
| 0, 675
| 0, 670
| 15
| 0, 685
| 0, 611
| 0, 636
| 0, 653
| 0, 664
| 0, 675
| 0, 671
| 0, 666
| 20
| 0, 576
| 0, 604
| 0, 628
| 0, 646
| 0, 657
| 0, 667
| 0, 660
| 0, 657
| 30
| 0, 558
| 0, 587
| 0, 614
| 0, 637
| 0, 643
| 0, 652
| 0, 650
| 0, 648
| 40
| 0, 537
| 0, 568
| 0, 596
| 0, 615
| 0, 626
| 0, 636
| 0, 632
| 0, 630
|
Поверхностное
натяжение
| 5
| 74, 05
| 71, 0
| 67, 39
| 63, 6
| 60, 2
| 56, 7
| 51, 3
| 48, 1
| 10
| 75, 5
| 72, 35
| 68, 71
| 64, 8
| 61, 6
| 58, 2
| 55, 7
| 49, 4
| 15
| 77, 35
| 73, 92
| 70, 16
| 66, 2
| 62, 5
| 59, 4
| 57, 4
| 51, 1
| 20
| 79, 2
| 75, 8
| 72, 4
| 69, 0
| 65, 2
| 61, 3
| 59, 1
| 52, 8
| 30
| 82, 6
| 79, 2
| 75, 8
| 72, 4
| 68, 7
| 64, 7
| 62, 5
| 56, 3
| 40
| 86, 1
| 82, 7
| 79, 2
| 75, 9
| 72, 1
| 68, 1
| 66, 0
| 59, 7
|
Критерий Прандтля
| 5
| 7, 37
| 4, 63
| 3, 21
| 2, 41
| 1, 92
| 1, 63
| 1, 22
| 1, 07
| 10
| 8, 18
| 5, 14
| 3, 61
| 2, 74
| 2, 18
| 1, 89
| 1, 24
| 1, 12
| 15
| 9, 35
| 6, 01
| 4, 26
| 3, 23
| 2, 59
| 2, 25
| 1, 43
|
| 20
| 10, 49
| 6, 78
| 4, 99
| 3, 06
| 2, 40
| 1, 94
| 1, 64
| 1, 43
| 30
| 17, 37
| 11, 39
| 7, 03
| 4, 85
| 3, 74
| 3, 00
| 2, 51
| 2, 16
| 40
| 31, 19
| 20, 65
| 14, 85
| 10, 59
| 8, 37
| 6, 87
| 5, 80
| 5, 14
|
Раствор Ca(NO3)2
Физический параметр
| Массовая
концентрация
% масс.
| Температура, º С
|
|
|
|
|
|
Плотность
| 5
|
|
|
|
|
| 10
|
|
|
|
|
| 15
|
|
|
|
|
| 20
|
|
|
|
|
| 30
|
|
|
|
|
| 40
|
|
|
|
|
| 50
|
|
|
|
|
|
Динамическая
вязкость
| 5
| 0, 995
| 0, 68
| 0, 511
| 0, 394
| 0, 31
| 10
| 1, 165
| 0, 766
| 0, 552
| 0, 422
| 0, 336
| 15
| 1, 301
| 0, 87
| 0, 635
| 0, 486
| 0, 377
| 20
| 1, 467
| 0, 974
| 0, 708
| 0, 546
| 0, 439
| 30
| 2, 094
| 1, 382
| 1, 0
| 0, 767
| 0, 614
| 40
| 3, 475
| 2, 229
| 1, 567
| 1, 168
| 0, 908
| 50
| 8, 61
| 5, 008
| 3, 192
| 2, 159
| 1, 521
|
Теплоемкость
| 5
| 3, 97
| 3, 97
| 3, 975
| 3, 99
| 4, 005
| 10
| 3, 67
| 3, 67
| 3, 675
| 3, 69
| 3, 71
| 15
| 3, 58
| 3, 585
| 3, 59
| 3, 59
| 3, 62
| 20
| 3, 35
| 3, 35
| 3, 36
| 3, 37
| 3, 39
| 30
| 3, 07
| 3, 07
| 3, 08
| 3, 09
| 3, 10
| 40
| 2, 77
| 2, 77
| 2, 78
| 2, 79
| 2, 80
| 50
| 2, 50
| 2, 50
| 2, 51
| 2, 52
| 2, 53
|
Теплопроводность
| 5
| 0, 594
| 0, 623
| 0, 647
| 0, 665
| 0, 676
| 10
| 0, 590
| 0, 618
| 0, 642
| 0, 659
| 0, 670
| 15
| 0, 584
| 0, 612
| 0, 636
| 0, 653
| 0, 664
| 20
| 0, 578
| 0, 606
| 0, 629
| 0, 647
| 0, 657
| 30
| 0, 565
| 0, 592
| 0, 615
| 0, 633
| 0, 642
| 40
| 0, 550
| 0, 577
| 0, 599
| 0, 615
| 0, 625
| 50
| 0, 533
| 0, 558
| 0, 579
| 0, 595
| 0, 609
|
Поверхностное
натяжение
| 5
| 73, 3
| 70, 2
| 66, 9
| 63, 7
| 60, 4
| 10
| 74, 5
| 71, 3
| 68, 0
| 64, 7
| 61, 5
| 15
| 75, 5
| 72, 2
| 68, 9
| 65, 5
| 62, 3
| 20
| 76, 5
| 73, 1
| 69, 8
| 66, 4
| 63, 1
| 30
| 78, 2
| 74, 7
| 71, 3
| 67, 8
| 64, 4
| 40
| 80, 2
| 76, 6
| 73, 0
| 69, 5
| 66, 0
| 50
| 82, 2
| 78, 4
| 74, 7
| 71, 1
| 67, 4
|
Критерий Прандтля
| 5
| 6, 71
| 4, 34
| 3, 13
| 2, 36
| 1, 83
| 10
| 7, 13
| 4, 60
| 3, 33
| 2, 48
| 1, 89
| 15
| 7, 97
| 5, 10
| 3, 58
| 2, 67
| 2, 05
| 20
| 9, 22
| 5, 70
| 3, 92
| 2, 94
| 2, 28
| 30
| 13, 57
| 8, 05
| 5, 26
| 3, 85
| 2, 97
| 40
| 22, 03
| 12, 65
| 8, 25
| 5, 85
| 4, 48
| 50
| 49, 93
| 24, 03
| 14, 90
| 10, 32
| 7, 63
|
Раствор CuSO4
Физический параметр
| Массовая
концентрация
% масс.
| Температура, º С
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Плотность
| 5
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 10
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 15
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 20
| -
|
|
|
|
|
| 26
| -
| -
| -
|
|
|
|
Динамическая
вязкость
| 5
| 1, 251
| 0, 813
| 0, 575
| 0, 434
| 0, 34
| 0, 265
| 10
| 1, 542
| 0, 964
| 0, 66
| 0, 479
| 0, 362
| 0, 348
| 15
| 1, 978
| 1, 205
| 0, 804
| 0, 569
| 0, 42
| 0, 385
| 20
| -
| 1, 51
| 1, 003
| 0, 707
| 0, 519
| 0, 433
| 26
| -
| -
| 1, 361
| 0, 982
| 0, 739
| 0, 524
|
Теплоемкость
| 5
| 3, 92
| 3, 85
| 3, 81
| 3, 78
| 3, 76
| 3, 74
| 10
| 3, 68
| 3, 63
| 3, 58
| 3, 56
| 3, 55
| 3, 53
| 15
| 3, 45
| 3, 41
| 3, 37
| 3, 35
| 3, 33
| 3, 32
| 20
| -
| 3, 38
| 3, 33
| 3, 31
| 3, 24
| 3, 16
| 26
| -
| -
| 3, 27
| 3, 22
| 3, 16
| 2, 96
|
Теплопроводность
| 5
| 0, 591
| 0, 624
| 0, 646
| 0, 659
| 0, 664
| 0, 647
| 10
| 0, 585
| 0, 615
| 0, 636
| 0, 648
| 0, 651
| 0, 659
| 15
| 0, 580
| 0, 615
| 0, 629
| 0, 640
| 0, 643
| 0, 646
| 20
| -
| 0, 606
| 0, 623
| 0, 636
| 0, 643
| 0, 633
| 26
| -
| -
| -
| 0, 610
| 0, 618
| 0, 612
|
Поверхностное
натяжение
| 5
| 73, 3
| 70, 5
| 68, 0
| 65, 1
| 63, 2
| 59, 8
| 10
| 74, 8
| 72, 3
| 69, 6
| 66, 8
| 64, 1
| 61, 3
| 15
| 76, 1
| 73, 4
| 70, 6
| 68, 1
| 65, 2
| 62, 4
| 20
| -
| 74, 5
| 71, 3
| 68, 6
| 66, 1
| 63, 1
| 30
| -
| -
| -
| 69, 4
| 66, 8
| 63, 8
|
Критерий Прандтля
| 5
| 8, 08
| 4, 86
| 3, 27
| 2, 39
| 1, 83
| 1, 60
| 10
| 9, 35
| 5, 66
| 3, 80
| 2, 78
| 2, 14
| 1, 83
| 15
| 10, 94
| 6, 38
| 4, 16
| 2, 98
| 2, 24
| 1, 96
| 20
| -
| 8, 42
| 5, 36
| 3, 68
| 2, 61
| 2, 16
| 30
| -
| -
| -
| 5, 41
| 3, 78
| 2, 53
|
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