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Exercises. Vocabulary. 4. Explain in English and then translate the following words and expressions. 6. Complete the text with the words from the box
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Exercises
Vocabulary
1. You should check the pronunciation of key words. Transcribe the words:
Physical, science, theoretical, laws, fluid, pressure, surface, phenomena, coalesce, frontier, analyze, weight, thrust, figured out, balloons, conquered, designers
2. Match the words from the texts (1-10) with the definitions (A-J):
| to move | A | one of the large flat parts that stick out from the side of a plane and help to keep it in the air | |
| propulsion | B | the way in which wind, air, or water can cause a moving object such as a car, plane, or boat to slow down | |
| balloon | C | to change from one place or position to another, or to make something do this | |
| resistance | D | the natural force that prevents one surface from sliding easily over another surface | |
| friction | E | a large bag of strong light cloth filled with gas or heated air so that it can float in the air. It has a basket hanging below it for people to stand in. | |
| shape | F | a light frame covered in coloured paper or plastic that you let fly in the air on the end of one or two long strings | |
| wing | G | the form that something has, for example round, square, triangular etc. | |
| kite | H | the force that drives a vehicle forward | |
| flow | I | the force or weight that is being put on to something | |
| pressure | J | a smooth steady movement of liquid, gas, or electricity |
3. Match the words from the texts (1-5) with their synonyms (A-E):
| trial | A | to examine | |
| to coalesce | B | test | |
| to verify | C | tendency | |
| operation | D | to unite | |
| penchant | E | work |
4. Explain in English and then translate the following words and expressions
Aeronauts remained at the mercy of the wind; to control the flight; invention; improvements; began to piece together the concept of force; the scientific method;
5. Find in the texts the English equivalents for the following expressions:
(1) движение воздуха, (2) силы, действующие на предметы, находящиеся в движении или в покое, (3) сопротивление воздуха, (4) давление на поверхности, (5) аэродинамические принципы полета, (6) подражая действиям птиц, (7) понимание полета, (8) понятие силы, (9) авиаконструкторы, (10) повысить безопасность самолетов, (11) создание новых идей, (12) наука воздухоплавания действительно начала развиваться, (13) физические явления, (14) практическое использование, (15) классификация и определение силы.
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6. Complete the text with the words from the box
Early aeronautics
| aeronautics | air | wings machines |
| scientists | flight | kites flew |
| engineering | aerodynamics | fly mechanism |
The first mention of aeronautics in history came in the writings of ancient Egyptians who described the (1) of birds. Aeronautics also finds mention in ancient China where people flew (2) thousands of years ago. The medieval Islamic (3) were not far behind, as they understood the actual (4) of bird flight. Before scientific investigation (5) was started, people started thinking of ways to (6). In a Greek legend, Icarus and his father Daedalus built (7) of feathers and wax and (8) out of prison. When people started to study scientifically how to fly, people began to understand the basics of (9) and (10). Leonardo da Vinci studied the flight of birds in developing (11) schematics for some of the earliest (12) flying in the late fifteenth century.
7. Answer the following questions. Begin your answers with such introductory phrases as: as far as I know; as far as I remember; to my mind; certainly; it's hard to tell; probably; of course; if I am not mistaken etc.
1) How is aeronautics defined?
2) What does aerodynamics deal with?
3) What laws and concepts did Newton develop?
4) What principle did Daniel Bernoulli develop?
5) What contribution to the understanding of flight did the Asian cultures make?
6) What forces are involved in flight?
7) What do airplane designers do to improve airplane performance and safety?
8. Translate the following sentences into English:
1. Наблюдения за летающими птицами дало человеку идею полета человека.
2. Первые научные принципы полета человека появились в 14-м веке.
3. В 1903 году братья Уилбер и Орвилл Райт построили свой самолет.
4. Самолет братьев Райт был самолетом с двигателем внутреннего сгорания.
5. В 1913 году русский конструктор Игорь Сикорский построил первый в мире многомоторный самолет.
6. В начале 20-го века был изобретен дирижабль.
7. Среди пионеров авиации имена авиационных конструкторов Туполева, Поликарпова, Сухого, Архангельского, Ильюшина, Яковлева и др.
Speaking
Give a 5-minute presentation on the following topics. Remember that communication skill is not something you are born with. Effective communication is a skill, which can be acquired.
1. Aerodynamics and Birds
2. The discovery of universal gravitation by Newton.
3. The contribution to the understanding of flight made by the Asian cultures.
4. The classification and definition of forces involved in flight.
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5. Why do kites and balloons fly?
| Communication Communication means sharing ideas and information. The speaker must: ● be very clear about what information he wants to get across; ● remember that communication is not a one-way process and that the feedback from the listener will show how his message was interpreted; ● understand that communication is a dynamic, flexible process. The Basic Forms of Communication 1. Public Speaking ● refers to presentation of a speech to an audience of more than one; ● is characterized by one person’s holding central attention. 2. Group Speaking ● takes place in committees, boards, task groups; ● is restricted by a particular procedure or agenda; participants take turns in speaking. 3. Interpersonal Communication ● refers to face-to-face interaction between two people in public or in private; ● is controlled by generally accepted social rules of behavior. |
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