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Exercises. Vocabulary. Speaking. Give a 5-minute presentation on the following topics. Organize your material into a definite structure. Remember that the conclusion of any speech is very important. It is the final impression on an audience, so present y
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Exercises
Vocabulary
1. Transcribe the words:
hypothetical, exploration, scientist, theoretician, calculus, trigonometry, imaginative, experience, gravity, satellite, resistance, gasoline, atomic
2. Match the words from the texts (1-5) with their synonyms (A-E):
| spherical | A | faraway | |
| obvious | B | ball-shaped | |
| imaginative | C | usual | |
| distant | D | creative | |
| conventional | E | evident |
3. Match the words from the texts (1-10) with the definitions (A-J):
| gravity | A | a device used for storing direct current electricity | |
| theoretician | B | the section of an aircraft which contains the pilot, instruments and flight controls | |
| landing gear | C | a sudden good idea | |
| cockpit | D | the natural force by which objects are attracted to each other, especially that by which a large mass pulls a smaller one to it | |
| altitude | E | an aircraft with only one wing on each side | |
| inspiration | F | the pushing power of an aircraft engine which makes the plane move forward | |
| battery | G | the height of an object or place above sea level | |
| monoplane | H | an instrument that guides aircraft, spacecraft, or ships without needing human operation | |
| thrust | I | the extendable wheel and leg assembly usually mounted beneath the wings which, together with the nosewheel, enables it to land safely | |
| autopilot | J | a person who forms or studies the theory of a subject |
4. Explain in English and translate the words and expressions into Russian:
verst, differential calculus, weightless, artificial Earth satellite, free space, zero-gravity, air resistance, heavens, interplanetary ships, liquid-fuelled rockers
5. Find in the texts the English equivalents for the following expressions:
(1) учёный-самоучка, (2) овладеть высшей математикой, (3) слуховой аппарат, 4) история не даёт нам ключа к разгадке, (5) погружённый в размышления, (6) реактивный межпланетный космический корабль, (7) перегрузка, (8) запускать ракету, (9) совершить мягкую посадку, (10) предсказывать, 11) далёкие космические путешествия, (12) многоступенчатая ракета, (13) замкнутый экологический цикл, (14) пополнить запасы воздуха и воды, (15) конструкция космического корабля
Speaking
Give a 5-minute presentation on the following topics. Organize your material into a definite structure. Remember that the conclusion of any speech is very important. It is the final impression on an audience, so present your remarks assertively, with confidence, and without reading. Do not introduce new points in the conclusion.
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1) The life of Konstantin Eduardovitch Tsiolkovsky
2) Scientific achievements of K. E. Tsiolkovsky
3) The works of K. E. Tsiolkovsky («Free Space», «On the Moon», «Dreams of Earth and Sky», etc. )
| Structuring a Speech The traditional structure of a speech contains the following elements: ● Introduction In the introduction the speaker grabs the attention of the audience, introduces the subject, his purpose and himself to the audience. ● The body of the speech The body contains the outline of the major ideas and information that supports and clarifies the ideas ● Conclusion The conclusion contains a summary or a conclusion from the information presented and helps the speaker to end his speech gracefully. 2. In the actual process of speech writing it is recommended to stick to a different order: The body of the speech ➔ The conclusion ➔ The introduction should be written. |
Unit 4 European spaceflight enthusiasts
Robert H. Goddard (1882-1945)
Robert Goddard began his experiments in rocketry while studying for his doctorate at Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts. Goddard's doctoral dissertation " On the Conduction of Electricity at Contacts of Dissimilar Solids", 1911, was not related to rocketry, but was rather in the " main stream" physics. Goddard experimentally studied anisotropic changes in the electrical resistance of loosely powdered substances, particularly barium sulphide. The emerging radio technology relied on such materials for receiving the signals. Today we would call this area of research experimental solid-state physics.
His Ph. D. degree attained, Goddard actively embarked on research in rocketry, when he joined the faculty of Clark University in 1914. His basic research and development of new technology would achieve many rocket " firsts" and bring him 214 patents. He would often be called the Father of Modern Rocketry. Goddard concentrated first on the study of solid-propellant gunpowder rockets and improving their efficiency. The term " efficiency, " introduced by him, meant " the ratio of the kinetic energy of the expelled gases to the heat energy of the powder. "
Robert Goddard presented the results of his early rocket work in the Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 1919, a publication of the respectable Smithsonian Institution. This famous treatise of Goddard, entitled " A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes, " outlined his ideas on rocketry and included detailed calculations of rocket dynamics and results of his various tests.
In 1935 the first liquid-propellant rocket accelerated to a speed faster than the speed of sound. Two years later, on 26 March 1937, the Goddard's rocket reached an altitude 8000 — 9000 ft (2400 — 2700 m). All of this work was performed by Robert Goddard practically alone, with a few assistants. History would demonstrate, in a few years only, that the time of such individual effort has gone. The development of a modern powerful rocket would require a concerted effort of hundreds and thousands of scientists and engineers backed by the vast resources; the task possible only with the support of a mighty state.
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Robert H. Goddard died on 10 August 1945, in Baltimore a few days after World War II ended. The recognition of Goddard's work came only long after his death. In 1959 the U. S. Congress honored Robert H. Goddard, and NASA named after him one of its leading field centers, Goddard Space Flight Center, in Greenbelt, Maryland, on May l.
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