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Exercise 2. Substitute the proper English words from the list below for the Russian words in brackets.
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To aim at understanding; to be concerned with measuring and analysing; to be interested, in constructing; to be responsible for modernizing; to insist on making use of; to prevent scientists from making; to result from combining; to result in establishing; to succeed in solving.
1) His research (привело к установлению) a new principle. 2) The success of the space research program (явился результатом соединения) the latest achievements in science and technology. 3) Using modern installations and techniques the scientists (удалось решить) a complicated engineering problem. 4) Pure science (стремится постичь) the laws of the material world. 5) Traditionally chemists (занимались измерением и анализом) the properties of matter. 6) A quantum chemist (интересует поcтроение) adequate mathematical models of atomic and molecular structures. 7) Prof. B. was the first to see the advantages of the new approach and (настаивал на использовании) it to interpret the results. 8) This group of engineers (ответственна за модернизацию) the laboratory equipment. 9) Adequate theories often (избавляли ученых от проведения) many useless experiments.
Exercise 3. Bead the first sentence and complete the second one using Gerund. Make use of the prepositions and the word groups given below.
The scientists have carried out the experiment in order to test the idea. They did it...
1) without; in addition to; in spite of; instead of; in view of; by;
2) to install new equipment; to propose an explanation of their own; to collect more evidence for its support; to modify the model; to give up the idea; to establish the mechanism of the process; to join the efforts of two laboratories; to encounter difficulties with conventional equipment; to put to use a recent discovery; to make use of a new principle; to modify a conventional device.
Exercise 4. Transform the following Gerund constructions into clauses as given in the model.
Model: История открытия радиоактивности начинается с того, что Анри Бекерель сообщил о своем открытии лучей неизвестной природы.
The story of radioactivity begins with Henry Bequerel's having reported, his discovery of rays of unknown nature. - The story of radioactivity begins with the fact that Henry Bequerel reported his discovery of rays of unknown nature.
1) Mendeleev's having established, a periodic lair of nature has entered his name into the history book of the world science. 2) Success in science often results from the scientist's confining his attention to one problem for many years. 3) The results of the experiment depended upon his having applied the proper technique. 4) The idea of scientist's being responsible for most ills of the present day situation is unfortunately quite popular. 5)A brain-storming session consists in everybody's proposing as many and as wild ideas as possible without being concerned as to whether they are workable. 6) Immediate recognition of a discovery depends largely on its being made at a proper moment. 7) Science is sometimes humorously defined as a practice of the scientist's satisfying his curiosity at the expense of the government.
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Exercise 5. Change the tine clauses into the on/in/after + Gerund and the if-clauses into the with + Gerund.
1) You cannot present your paper to the conference if you do not check it carefully. 2) After we had arranged, everything for the experiment we started to work. 3) Many factors become important when we consider this problem. 4) The work will not be completed if we do not sum up the results. 5) We obtained the desired information when we were analysing our data. 6) After he had compared some numerical data he could readily obtain new parameters. 7) We cannot obtain the desired information if we do not conduct additional series of experiments. 8) Various approaches are possible when we solve this problem. 9) After they had changed the experimental condition they repeated the experiment. 10)We shall not start the experiment if we do not get all the necessary equipment. 11) Several factors should be considered when we evaluate the experimental results. 12) We cannot make progress in our research if we do not take into account the results of other observers.
UNIT 9. The Infinitive
Exercise 1. Identify the infinitives and translate the sentences into Russian.
1) To make a choice between these two alternatives is not an easy task. 2) To foresee what the future will be like requires analysis of the past experience. 3) To be able to forecast the future we must begin by a thorough analysis of the past course of events. 4) To speculate about the future is one of the most basic qualities of man. 5) To appreciate the accuracy of the data refer to Table I on page 57. 6) То avoid, making mistakes is always very difficult, because, to begin with, to err is human. 7) To take correct measurements it is necessary to use accurately adjusted instruments. 8) To distinguish between cause and effect is sometimes difficult. 9) The new equipment is necessary to increase the accuracy of results. 10) To prove this law experimentally is very difficult.
Exercise 2. Study the following structures and make up various meaningful sentences in analogy.
The purpose of this paper (A) is to describe the fundamental properties (B) of crystals.
A. The aim of the discussion
The task of the research group
The original idea of the book
The objective of the experiment
The subject of the report
B. to point out general tendencies
to suggest some fresh ideas for research
to review recent development in the field
to develop a special apparatus suited for research
to take into consideration all the essential factors
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